chapter 6 religion. focus on the following in this chapter 1.universal vs. ethnic 2.major universal...
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CHAPTER 6
RELIGION
FOCUS ON THE FOLLOWING IN THIS CHAPTER
1. Universal vs. Ethnic2. Major Universal and Ethnic characteristics (where
are they, percentage of world population…)3. Major branches of those religions4. Where are the major religions and their major
branches and why are they there? (ex. Historical migration patterns)
5. How do different religions affect the environment? ex. burial practices)
6. Examples of religious tension/fighting/war (ex. Northern Ireland)
GEOGRAPHERS & RELIGION…• Geographers are concerned
with the process of how religions diffuse and possible conflicts
• Examine how religions have a two way relationship with the environment
• They want to understand why some are widespread and others are clustered in specific places
ISSUE #1
Where are Religions Distributed?
TYPES OF RELIGIONS
UNIVERSALIZING• Attempt to be global
• Appeal to all people, regardless of location or culture
• About 62% of the world’s population
• Are divided into branches, denominations, and sects
ETHNIC• Appeal primarily to one
group in one place
• About 24% of world’s population
UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS
CHRISTIANITY BUDDHISM
ISLAM
ETHNIC RELIGIONS
HINDUISM
CONFUCIANISM
DAOISM (TAOISM)
SHINTOISM
JUDAISM
AFRICAN RELIGIONS
World Distribution of Religions
Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent. KNOW THIS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
World Population by Religion
Fig. 6-1a: Over two thirds of the world’s population adhere to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.
CHRISTIANITY
• 3 major branches are Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox
• About 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian
ISLAM• Islam means “submission to
the will of god”– a follower of Islam is called a
Muslim (one who surrenders to God)
• Predominates from North Africa to Central Asia – population is increasing in
North America and Europe
• 2 main branches are Sunni and Shiite (Shia)
BUDDHISM
• Located primarily in China and Southeast Asia
• 3 main branches are Mahayana, Theravada, Tantrayana
• Accurate count is difficult because:1. Few participate in Buddhist
institutions2. Differs from Western concept of
a formal religion3. Communism in China
ETHNIC RELIGIONS
• You are responsible for this section, pages 188-190.
ISSUE #2
Why do Religions Have Different Distributions?(read and know the intro!!!)
ORIGINS
UNIVERSALIZING• Specific places of origin
• Based on the life of one man
(ex. Christianity-Jesus, Islam-Muhammad, Buddhism-Siddhartha)
ETHNIC• Unknown/unclear origins
• not identified with one specific individual
(ex. Hinduism-Indian culture over several centuries)
- Judaism is an exception
DIFFUSION-UNIVERSALIZING
All 3 diffused from specific hearths located in Asia. Buddhism-present day Nepal; Christianity-present day Israel; Islam-present day Saudi Arabia
CHRISTIANITY
Diffused through a combination of all types of diffusion (relocation and expansion)
ISLAM
Diffused very rapidly through North Africa, SW Europe and SW Asia
BUDDHISM
DIFFUSION - ETHNIC
• Limited to no diffusion; usually by relocation diffusion
• Unlike universalizing, they don’t have missionaries
• They are often either replaced by URs or mix with them– Ex. Traditional African religious
mixing with Christianity– 70% of Japanese say they are
Buddhist, 90% say they are Shinto (huh?)
• Judaism the exception to this trend – it’s practiced in many countries, not just location of its origins
TYPE 2
1. List 3 universalizing religions and 3 ethnic religions
2. List 3 major differences between universalizing and ethnic religions
3. List the primary locations of the 3 universalizing religions (use regions, not countries – for ex. Western Hemisphere, Eastern Europe….)
HOLY PLACESUNIVERSALIZING
• Tend to be tied to places related to the founder (cities, villages…)
Ex. Mecca for Muhammad/Islam
ETHNIC• Tend to be tied to the
physical environment of the hearth (mountains, rivers…)
Ex. Ganges River for Hindus
IMPORTANT SITES IN JERUSALEM
WESTERN WALL (wailing wall)
• Section of the western wall that remains of the Jewish Temple destroyed in A.D. 70
• Extremely sacred place for Jews
DOME OF THE ROCK
• Built to represent the greatness of Islam
• Built on the site of the rock on which Abraham went to sacrifice his son
• Also the site of Muhammad’s “night journey”
CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER
• Built over the site of Jesus’ burial
• Extremely sacred to Christians
Holy Sites for Buddhists
Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.
Buddhist Temple
Bodh Gaya, India
Mecca, Islam’s Holiest City
Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.
Makkah during the Haj Pilgrimage
The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.
Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.
Baha’i Temple in Uganda
The Golden Temple in Amritsar
The Golden Temple (Darbar Sahib) in Amritsar, India is the holiest structure for Sikhism.
COSMOGONY
- Read this section on 199-200. Look at how universalizing and ethnic religions differ in the following:- Creation of the world? How?- Interaction with nature?- Modification of nature?
CALENDAR
UNIVERSALIZING
• Holidays based primarily on significant events of the founder’s life
Ex. - birth of Jesus (Christians) - Siddhartha’s birth
(Buddhists)
ETHNIC
• Holidays based primarily on physical geography of the homeland (seasons and agriculture)
Ex. - Holi for Hindus - Bontok of the Philippines
CALENDARS - ETHNIC• Prominent feature of ERs is the
celebration of seasons – particularly for agriculture
• Judaism – major holidays based on agriculture in Israel– Ex. Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement –
Fall)
• Use a lunar calendar
• Solstice has a significant meaning for many ethnic religions (shortest and longest days of year)
CALENDARS - UNIVERSALIZING• Prominent feature is celebrating
events of the founder’s life
• Islam uses a lunar calendar, Christianity a solar
• Holidays arrive in different seasons from generation to generation when using a lunar calendar(ex. Ramadan for Muslims)
• Not all members of URs celebrate same holidays on same day ( ex. Easter, Buddha’s birth)
ISSUE #3
Why do Religions Organize Space in Different Patterns?
(AP test likes questions about the impact of religion on space)
Places of Worship• All major religions have these
structures/buildings
• The function of these locations influences the arrangement of them over the landscape
• Have different characteristics, purposes, meanings….
• The distribution of these religious elements on the landscape reflects the importance of religion for that particular society
Christianity – Church (sanctified for public worship) Islam – Mosque (public
assembly)
Hinduism – Temple (more for shrines, home is used more for worship)
Buddhism, Shintoism – Pagodas (contain relics)
Church – St. Paul’s in London
Blue Mosque - Turkey
Blue Mosque - Turkey
Hindu Temple - India
Pagoda - China
SACRED SPACE• How religions distribute their
elements across land depends on their beliefs
• distributions range from very small (cemetery) to very large (entire communities - ex. Salt Lake City, Utah)
• Most significant land use is for burial and religious settlements
SACRED SPACE - BURIAL
• Climate, topography, and doctrine combine to create different burial practices
• Use of cemeteries (Christianity, Judaism, Islam)– Health concerns– Bodies facing certain direction– Used as parks– Take up valuable land (ex. China
now encouraging cremation)
• Not all bury dead (ex. Cremation for Hindus)
SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS SETTLEMENTS
• Most settlements serve an economic purpose, some serve a religious one– Utopian societies (Salt
Lake City)– Religious impact on
colonial settlements (clustered settlement patterns of Puritans in New England)
SACRED SPACE – RELIGIOUS PLACE NAMES
• Roman Catholics often give place names (also called ?????) to settlements, particularly in the new world– Quebec– U.S. Southwest
Place Names in Québec
Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.
BUILDINGS OF WORSHIP VIDEOS
Hindu Temple
Muslim Mosque
Jewish Synagogue
Christian Church
ISSUE #4
Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?
• Since WWII local conflicts in areas of cultural diversity have increased (often religiously based)
• Inflexible religious views = conflict
RELIGION v. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
• Role of religion in organizing the earth’s surface has been diminished in some areas, largely due to political and economic change
Know examples of how for each of the following:
– Islam particularly affected– Hinduism and West– Buddhism, Christianity, Islam
and Communism
VS.
RELIGION vs. GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Religion v. Communism
Vs.
RELIGION vs. RELIGION
Catholic v. Protestant Christian v. Muslim
Sunni v. Shiite Hindu v. Muslim
Know these examples
RELIGIOUS WARS IN IRELAND• Worst religious boundary in W. Europe
• Republic of Ireland – 92% Roman Catholic
• Northern Ireland (UK) – 58% Protestant and 42% Roman Catholic
• Island became part of the UK in 1801
• Declared independence in 1937, members of the North chose to stay part of the UK (why?)
• RCs victimized by discrimination in the Northern Ireland – fighting between RCs and Ps has led to more than 3,000 deaths since 1968– IRA - UDF
• Majority want peace, extremist elements make that difficult
UNITED KINGDOM
IRELAND cont.
Fig 6-14: When Ireland became independent
in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant
populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.
Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland
RELIGIOUS WARS – MIDDLE EAST• Jews, Christians and Muslims have been
fighting over land for centuries (historical name is Palestine)
• Jews - trace their origins here (Promised Land) - kicked out by the Romans in A.D. 70
• Christians – major events of Jesus’ life centered here and Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century
• Muslims – Jerusalem is their third holiest city, believe Muhammad ascended to heaven from there– Have controlled this area for most of the
past 1,500 years
CRUSADES
• Muslim empire expanded quickly after Muhammad’s death (632) across northern Africa and into Europe
• Beginning in 1099 the Christians in WE launched a series of military campaigns to regain the holy land (lasted about 150 years, gain, and then lose, control of the holy land)
JEWS vs. MUSLIMS IN PALESTINE• Ottoman Empire (Muslim) ruled Palestine
from 1500s – 1917 (what happened in 1917?)
• UN voted to partition it into 2 countries, Jewish and Muslim in 1947 (what about Jerusalem?)
• 1948 – Jews declare their country, Arab neighbors attack the next day
• Armistice in 1949 divided control of Jerusalem
• 3 more wars fought between Israel and its neighbors:– 1956, 1967 (Six Days War), 1973 (read caption to maps on 211)
Camp David Accords - 1979
ISRAEL TODAY
Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel
Fig. 6-16: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the 1948-49 War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.
CONFLICT – PALESTINIAN PERSPECTIVES
• After 1973 the Palestinians emerged as Israel’s primary opponent– Know 5 groups considering themselves Palestinians
• Palestinians are very angry with Jewish settlements in the West Bank, consider this area their historical homeland as well
• Role of the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
• Some Palestinians are willing to accept the existence of while others (ex. Hamas) are not
CONFLICT – ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE
• Sees itself as a small, Jewish nation surrounded by enemies
• Major geographic considerations:1. Major population centers are close to int’l
borders (vulnerable)2. Landforms (northern hills, West Bank, Golan
Heights)
Israel, the West Bank and GazaPolitical and Physical maps
Fig. 6-17: The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.
Section of Israeli Security Barrier
Fig. 6-1.1: A typical section of the security barrier built by Israel in the West Bank.
Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank
Fig. 6-1.2: The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.
Jerusalem
- in the end, it all comes down to Jerusalem, no agreement on Jerusalem = continued tension
Fig. 6-15: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Chapter 6: Review
06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism2. Christianity3. Judaism4. Islam
06.01 Which of the following is not a universalizing religion?
1. Buddhism2. Christianity3. Judaism4. Islam
06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe2. East Asia3. Canada 4. South America5. Australia
06.02 Roman Catholicism predominates in
1. Northern Europe2. East Asia3. Canada 4. South America5. Australia
06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God2. Donate to charities3. Fast during the month of Ramadan 4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem5. Pray five times daily
06.03 Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of Islam?
1. Accept Allah as the one God2. Donate to charities3. Fast during the month of Ramadan 4. Make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem5. Pray five times daily
06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia2. South America3. North America4. North Africa5. Europe
06.04 In which region are ethnic religions most widely practiced?
1. Asia2. South America3. North America4. North Africa5. Europe
06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists2. Jews3. Confucians 4. Christians5. Pagans
06.06 __________ consider solstices to be holy times.
1. Buddhists2. Jews3. Confucians 4. Christians5. Pagans
06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam2. Judaism3. Taoism4. Christianity5. Hinduism
06.07 _________ typically favors cremation over burial.
1. Islam2. Judaism3. Taoism4. Christianity5. Hinduism
06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope2. Archbishop 3. Bishop 4. Cardinal 5. Priest
06.08 What is the second-highest rank within the Roman Catholic hierarchy?
1. Pope2. Archbishop 3. Bishop 4. Cardinal 5. Priest
06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion4. Is enforced by official government policies5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment
06.09 The caste system in India
1. Places Shudras at the top of the hierarchy2. Was created by the Aryan invaders of India3. Does not affect how individual Hindus practice the religion4. Is enforced by official government policies5. Sees the “untouchables” as closest to enlightenment
06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism
06.10 Which three religions have holy places in Jerusalem?
1. Sikhism, Islam, Judaism2. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism3. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism4. Islam, Christianity, Judaism5. Jainism, Christianity, Judaism