chapter 6 nutrition bi

8/17/2019 Chapter 6 Nutrition Bi

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CHAPTER 6 : NUTRITION

TYPE OF NUTRITION

Holozoic

• Carnivores

• Herbivores

• Omnivores

Saprop!"ism

• Absorb

n#"rien"s $rom

%ea% an%%eca!in&

or&anic ma""er

• Secre"e

%i&es"ive

enz!me be$ore

absorbin& $oo%

E&: Yeas"' amoeba'

Parasi"ism

• Absorb

n#"rien" $rom

livin& os"s(

E&: Ec"oparasi"es

)*ea'Ra+esia,

En%oparasi"es

)Ro#n%-orm in

in"es"ine,

HETEROTROPHS

.Ob"ain $oo% %irec"l! or

in%irec"l! $rom

a#"o"rops(

So#rce o$ ener&! $romin"a/e an% %i&es"ion o$

$oo%

E&: All animal'$#n&i an%

AUTOTROPHS

i(Po"os!n"esis

.Process s!n"esis $oo% b! #sin&

li&" ener&!

E&: 0reen plan"

ii(Cemos!n"esis

.Process s!n"esis $oo% b! #sin&

cemical ener&! pro%#ce% $rom

cemical reac"ion

E&: Ni"ro&en 12in& bac"eria


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parameci#m

Ear"-orms'

brea%mo#l%'m#sro

om

3alance %ie"

4a5or class o$ n#"rien"s

N#"rien"s F#nc"ions So#rces e1cienc! %iseaseCarbo!%ra

"e• Provi%e

ener&!

Rice'brea%'

po"a"oes

Fa"ie

Pro"ein • 3#il% ne-

"iss#e $or

&ro-" an%

repair

%ama&e

"iss#es

4ea"'1s'

mil/'beans

7-ars!io/or

8 4arasm#s

Fa"s • Provi%e

ener&!• Ins#la"or o$

bo%! ea"

3#""er'oil'

ceese'e&&

!ol/

Fa"ie

4inerals • For normal

&ro-" an%

%evelopmen"

o$

"ee"'bones

an% m#scles• For

main"enance

o$ &oo%

eal"

4il/'sea$oo%

' e&&s

9i"amin

Fa" sol#ble :

A E 7

• Preven"

%isease

• For ecien"

9e&e"ables'

$r#i"s


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me"abolism

• For normal

&ro-" an%

%evelopmen"

;a"er • 4e%i#m $or

cemical

reac"ion

• Con"rol bo%!

ea"

• Transpor"a"io

n o$

s#b"ances

4il/'$r#i" e!%ra"ion

Ro#&a&e • Preven"

cons"ipa"ion

b! s"im#la"e

peris"alsis

9e&e"ables'

$r#i"s'

Oa"s'

-olemeal

brea%

Cons"ipa"ion

N#"rien"s E2cessive "a/en

Carbo!%ra"e Obesi"!'i& bloo%

press#re'%iabe"es'ear" pain

Pro"ein 0oi"er' /i%ne! s"one

Fa" Hear" pain'obesi"!

T!pe o$ 9i"amins

9i"ami

n

So#rces F#nc"ions e1cienc! %isease

A Carro"'

"oma"oes

'

mil/

• Preserves

&oo% ni&"

vision

• Preserves

eal"! s/in

• Ni&" blin%ness

•


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3 ;ole

&rain'

Yeas"'

9e&e"abl

es'

liver

• Preserves

eal"!

nerves 8

m#scle• Form re%

bloo% cells

• 3eri.beri )%ama&e

nervo#s s!s"em,

• Pella&ra)s/in

%isease,

• Anemia

C Oran&es'

=emon'

&reen

ve&e"abl

e

• Resis"ance

"o %isease• For eal"!

s/in

• Sc#rv! )blee%in&

ms in cil%ren,• =o- resis"ance "o

%isease

4il/'e&&s'

co% 1s

oil'cees

e(

Can be

pro%#ce%

in s/in

-en

e2pose%

"o

s#nli&"

• Enco#ra&es

absorp"ion

o$ calci#m 8

pospor#s

• For &ro-"

s"ron& "ee"

8 bones

• Ric/e"s)bri""leness

o$ bones in

cil%ren,• Os"eoporosis

• en"al caries

E Palm

oil'-ea"

'

3#""er'0reen

ve&e"abl

es

• 4ain"ains

$er"ili"!

• Slo- %o-n

"e a&in&

cells

• In$er"ili"!

• Hair loss

• A&in& o$ s/in

7 =iver'

Toma"oes

'

Fis oil'

0reen

• For bloo%

clo""in&

• Hemo1lia

)e2cessive

blee%in&,


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ve&e"abl

es

T!pe o$ minerals

4inerals So#rces F#nc"ion e1cienc! %iseasePo"assi#

m

3anana'

0rains'

mea"

• Preserve

nervo#s

s!s"em

• ;ea/ m#scles

so%i#m Sal"e%

e&&'sal"e%1s

• 4ain"ain

bo%! *#i%

• 4#scle cramp in

le&s

calci#m 4il/'e&&

!ol/'

ceese

• For s"ron&

"ee" 8

bones

• Os"eoporosis

• Ric/e"

Iron =iver'

spinac'

e&&s'

mil/

• Form

aemo&lobi

n in R3C

• Anemia

Io%ine Sea$oo% • Pro%#ce

"!roi%

ormone

• Cre"inism)s"#n"e

% &ro-",

• 0oi"re

Fac"ors "a" A>ec" ail! Ener&! Re?#iremen"

Se2 • 0irls nee% more iron'$er#m'calci#m an%

pospor#s "an bo! "o replace "e n#"rien"s "a"

loss %#rin& mens"r#a"ion(

A&e • Cil%ren nee% more carbo!%ra"e'pro"ein an%

vi"amin)main"ain bo%! eal",


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• "eena&ers nee% more carbo!%ra"e "o &enera"e

ener&! $or ac"ive ac"ivi"ies ever! %a!• Te! also nee% more pro"ein $or &ro-" o$ bo%!

cell an% io%ine "o pro%#ce "!roi% ormone $or

p!sical an% men"al &ro-"

• Ol% an% a&e% people nee% calci#m an%

pospor#s "o preven" os"eoporosis• 4ore ro#&a&e "o avoi% cons"ipa"ion

Occ#pa"i

on• A"le"e nee% carbo!%ra"e)Provi%e ener&!,'

Pro"ein)b#il% #p m#scle an% ne-

"iss#es,'so%i#m'po"assi#m'calci#m )m#scle

cramp,

• people -i" eav! -or/ nee% more carbo!%ra"e'

pro"ein an% vi"amins

Pre&nanc

!• Pre&nan" -omen nee% more carbo!%ra"e an%

pro"ein $or $oe"#s &ro-"

• Nee% iron "o pro%#ce aemo&lobin in R3C

• Avoi% smo/in& an% alcool "o preven" "e %ama&e

brain o$ $oe"#s• Te! nee% calci#m an% pospor#s $or &ro-" o$

$oe"#s "ee" an% bones(

Clima"e • A person livin& in a col% co#n"r! nee% more

carbo!%ra"e an% $a" "o avoi% ea" loss compare%

-o is livin& in %eser"(

Ener&! con"en" O$ $oo%

• Ener&! val#e o$ $oo% is ener&! pro%#s@ce% -en &ram

o$ $oo% is comple"el! b#rne%

• 4eas#re% b! calorime"er

• 4eas#re% in )B &., an% )/B &., or cal @ (D B

• Ener&! val#e )/B &., @


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(D )B &.C., < mass -a"er )&, < increases o$

"empera"#re)C, GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 4ass $oo% )&, <

4e"o% "o i%en"i$! a presen" o$ n#"riens

( 3ene%ic" Tes" $or 0l#cose


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S"ep : A%% Dcm o$ Benedict’s solution "oDcm o$ sample( Sa/e -ell "o mi2(

S"ep D: Place "es" "#be in a -a"er ba" con"ainin&boiling water

$or J mins(

S"ep K: Observe "e can&e in colo#r an% recor% !o#robserva"ions(

Res#l":

Colo#r Can&e Concl#sion

Remains bl#e Re%#cin& s#&ar

absen"

3l#e "o bric/.

re% precipi"a"e

Re%#cin& s#&arPRESENT

D( Io%ine "es" $or s"arcS"ep : A%% a $e- %rops o$ io%ine sol#"ion "o sample on

a -i"e "ile)no"e: io%ine sol#"ion @ io%ine L po"assi#m ion sol#"ion,


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HU4AN I0ESTI9E SYSTE4

Te i&es"ive Trac"

Par"s o$ "e i&es"ive Trac"

– 4o#"

– Par!n2

– Esopas

– S"omac

– Small In"es"ine

– =ar&e In"es"ine


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(4o#"

• Tee" mecanicall! brea/ %o-n $oo% in"o small pieces(

• Tone mi2es $oo% -i" saliva )saliva &lan%,

• con"ains enz!me am!lase )ne#"ral pH M,' -ic elps

brea/ %o-n s"arc(

S"arc L -a"er Saliva 4al"ose

Am!lase

Tone:•

4i2es an% rolls $oo% in"o "in! calle% 3ol#s• P#ses "e bol#s "o-ar% "e par!n2 an% in"o "e

esopas -en s-allo-in&(

D( Esopas

• Secre"e m#c#s

• 4oves $oo% $rom "e "roa" "o "e s"omac #sin& m#scle

movemen" calle% peris"alsis• Peris"alsis propels $oo% an% li?#i% slo-l! %o-n "e

esopas in"o "e s"omac


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K( S"omac

• Foo% $o#n% in "e s"omac is calle% c!me

• Foo% is mi2e% -i" &as"ric 5#ices )!%rocloric aci% an%

enz!mes, secre"e% b! "e s"omac -alls(• 0as"ric &lan% secrea"e &as"ric 5#ice )aci% pH(J.D,

• 0as"ric 5#ice con"ains:i, Rennin $or coala"e mil/

Caseino&en Casein )insol#ble mil/

pro"ein,)sol#ble mil/ pro"ein,

ii, Pepsin: brea/%o-n pro"ein

Pro"ein L -a"er Pep"on L Pol!pep"i%es

iii, H!%rocloric aci% )HC=, $#nc"ion:

• 7ill bac"eria

• S"ops "e ac"ivi"! o$ salivar! am!lase

• Provi%es an aci%ic me%i#m $or "e ac"ions o$

pepsin an% rennin

K( Small in"es"ine

• Has "ree par"s:i, #o%en#m

• #pper par" connec"e% "o "e s"omac(

• -ere "e %i&es"ive 5#ices $rom "e pancreas an% "e liver

combine -i" c!me ma/in& i" "in an% -a"er!(

ii, Be5#n#miii, Ile#m


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• N#"rien"s $rom "e $oo% pass in"o "e bloo%s"ream "ro#&

"e small in"es"ine -alls(

• Absorbs:

– in&es"e% -a"er

– 9i"amins

– 4inerals

– Carbo!%ra"es

– Pro"eins

– =ipi%s

– Secre"es %i&es"ive enz!mes

i, #o%en#m• Or&an involve: =iver

• Secre"ion : 3ile )al/aline pH M(.(J,

• 3ile elps %i&es" $a"


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• 1l"ers o#" "o2ins an% -as"e incl#%in& %r#&s an%

alcool

• 3ile secre"e bile sal" "o em#lsi$! $a"s

=ipi% lipi% %rople"s

• Or&an: 0all 3la%%er

• S"ores bile $rom "e liver' releases i" in"o "e small

in"es"ine(

• Fa""! %ie"s can ca#se &alls"ones

•

Or&an : Pancreas• Pro%#ces %i&es"ive enz!mes "o %i&es" $a"s'

carbo!%ra"es an% pro"eins

• Rela"es bloo% s#&ar b! pro%#cin& ins#lin

• 0lan% : Pancrea"ic &lan%

• Secre"ion : Pancre"ic 5#ice )al/aline pH M(.(J,

a, Am!lase

S"arc L -a"er mal"ose

b, T!psin

Pep"on L pol!pep"i%e Pep"i%es L -a"er

c, =ipase. comple"el! %i&es"ion o$ $a"

=ipi% %rople" L -a"er &l!cerol L $a""! aci%s

ii, Ile#m0lan% : In"es"inal &lan%sSecre"ion : In"es"inal 5#ice )al/aline M(6,

a, 4al"ase


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4al"ose L -a"er &l#cose L &l#cose

b, S#crase

S#crose L-a"er &l#cose L $r#c"osec, =ac"ase

=ac"ose L -a"er &l#cose L &alac"ose

%, Erepsin

Pep"i%es L -a"er amino aci%s

N#"rien"s =as" Pro%#c"

Carbo!%ra"e 0l#cose

Pro"ein Amino aci%s

=ipi% 0l!cerol L $a""! aci%

• =inin& o$ in"es"ine -alls as 1n&er.li/e pro5ec"ions calle%

villi' "o increase s#r$ace area(

• Te villi are covere% in microvilli -ic $#r"er increases

s#r$ace area $or absorp"ion(

• Peris"alsis moves "e #n%i&es"e% $oo% "o "e lar&e

in"es"ine

=AR0E INTESTINE


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• 7no-n as Colon

• lar&er %iame"er' b#" sor"er )J $",

•

;a"er is absorbe% $rom "e #n%i&es"e% $oo% ma/in& "e-as"e ar%er #n"il i" becomes soli%(

• ;as"e is p#se% in"o "e e2pan%e% por"ion )rec"#m, o$ "e

lar&e in"es"ine(

• Soli% -as"e s"a!s in "e rec"#m #n"il i" is e2cre"e% "ro#&

"e an#s as $eces(

• Appen%i2 an&s on "e ri&" si%e o$ "e lar&e in"es"ine


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PROCESS OF A3SORPTION AN ASSI4I=ATION OF I0ESTE

FOO

( Te a%ap"ive $ea"#res o$ small in"es"ine "o ai%

absorp"ion o$ n#"rien"s:

)a, I" is J.6m lon& in an a%#l"( Tis &ives a lon&er "ime $or

$oo% %i&es"ion an% more n#"rien"s "o be absorbe%(

)b, I" as a lo" o$ villi an% microvilli "o provi%e a lar&e

s#r$ace area $or more rapi% absorp"ion(

)c, I" as a "in )one.cell."ic/, epi"eli#m "o allo-%i&es"e% $oo% "o pass easil! "ro#& i" in"o "e bloo%

capillaries or lac"eals(

)%, I" as a mois" s#r$ace(

)e, I" is ricl! s#ppl! -i" bloo% capillaries "o absorb an%

"o "ranspor" "e absorbe% n#"rien"s(


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K( ABSO!T"O# OF $ATE % &"#EA'S "# O'O#

=ar&e in"es"ine :

–

Caecum : "e par" -ere "e small in"es"ine 5oins-i" "e lar&e in"es"ine

– Colon : "e lon&er par" o$ "e lar&e in"es"ine

– Rectum : "e las" par" o$ "e lar&e in"es"ine


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0l!cerol L $a""! aci% L vi"s( A' ' E 8 7 "e lac"eal o$ "e

vill#s "ranspor" o#" o$ "e small in"es"ine b! "e "oracic

%#c" )l!mp vessel, l!mpa"ic s!s"em a" "e le$"

so#l%er' "e "oracic %#c" 5oins "e le$" s#bclavian vein

bloo%s"ream

ASS"&"'AT"O# B* BO+* E''

Assimilation : "e process -ere "e pro%#c"s o$

%i&es"ion are absorbe% 8 #"ilise% in "e bo%! cells

Use% "o s!n"esis comple2 molec#les re?#ire% $or &ro-"'

repro%#c"ion or repair( )amino aci%s are #se% "o s!n"esis

pro"oplasm o$ cells,

E2cess absorbe% $oo% molec#les are s"ore% in "e bo%!

Glucose @ o2i%ise% "o pro%#ce ener&! in cell respira"ion'

e2cess &l!co&en

Amino acid @ "o s!n"esis enz!mes' an"ibo%!' plasma

membrane 8 pro"oplasm' e2cess #rea #rine

)%eamina"ion,

Lipids @ "o b#il% plasma membrane 8 coles"erol' e2cess

s"ore% as a%ipose "iss#e )#n%er "e s/in' ab%omen 8

in"ernal or&ans as /i%ne!s' ear"s,

Minerals & vitamins @ assimila"e% b! "e bo%! cells

4inerals )calci#m 8 pospor#s, b#il% s"ron& bone 8

"ee"

Iron "o s!n"esis aemo&lobin in "e R3C' e2cess

s"ore% in liver

9i"amins A 8 also s"ore% in "e liver(


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E2plain "e main $#nc"ion o$ "e liver an% %escribe "e

process o$ assimila"ionQ

Te $#nc"ions o$ liver:

)a, Rela"ion o$ bloo% &l#cose level

. ;en "e bloo% &l#cose level is i&' ormone

ins#lin promo"es "e conversion o$ e2cess &l#cose "o&l!co&en $or s"ora&e in "e liver

. ;en "e bloo% &l#cose level is lo-er "an "e

normal' ormone &l#ca&on promo"es "e conversion o$

&l!co&en "o &l#cose(

)b, eamina"ion

. E2cess amino aci%s canno" be s"ore% an% are

"ranspor"e% "o "e liver(

. =iver conver"s "e amino &ro#p ).NHD, "o ammonia

)"ro#& a process calle% %eamina"ion, "en in"o #rea

-ic is "en e2cre"e% "ro#& "e #rine(

. Te remainin& amino aci% por"ion ma! be

conver"e% "o carbo!%ra"e or $a"(

)c, S"ora&e $#nc"ion

. Te liver s"ores:

)i, $a" sol#ble vi"amins A an% ' an% "e -a"er sol#ble

vi"amin 3D(


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)ii, Some mineral ions: iron' po"assi#m' cobal"' zinc an%

copper

)%, e"o2i1ca"ion

. To2ins carrie% b! "e bloo% "o "e liver are

cemicall! mo%i1e% in"o non"o2ic s#bs"ances an% are

elimina"e%(

)e, Pro%#c"ion o$ bile

. 3ile is pro%#ce% in "e liver an% s"ore% in "e &all

bla%%er( I" is "ranspor"e% "o "e %#o%en#m "o em#lsi$! "e

$a"s in"o small %rople"s "o increase "e s#r$ace area $or

%i&es"ion b! lipase(

)$, S!n"esis o$ plasma pro"ein

. Te liver s!n"esis plasma pro"ein s#c as

1brino&en an% pro"rombin "a" are nee%e% $or bloo%

clo""in&(

Assimila"ion :

)a, Assimila"ion re$ers "o o- a livin& or&anism #"ilizes

"e absorbe% $oo% s#bs"ances $or &ro-"' %evelopmen"'

repro%#c"ion or repair(

)b, 0l#cose

. 0l#cose is #se% as main respira"or! s#bs"ra"e( I" is

o2i%ise% "o release ener&!' -a"er an% carbon %io2i%e(


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. E2cess &l#cose is conver"e% "o &l!co&en an% s"ore%

in "e liver

. F#r"er e2cess is conver"e% in"o lipi%s

. ;en "e bloo% &l#cose level %ecreases belo- "e

normal level' &l!co&en is conver"e% bac/ in"o &l#cose(

)c, =ipi%s

. =ipi%s are #se% as a respira"or! s#bs"ra"e' a ma5orener&! reserve in "e bo%!(

. "o $orm "e pospolipi%s componen"s o$ plasma

membrane(

. E2cess $a"s are s"ore% in a%ipose "iss#e #n%er "e

s/in' an% aro#n% "e in"ernal or&ans(

)%, Amino aci%s

. Amino aci%s are #se%:

. in pro"ein s!n"esis $or "e pro%#c"ion o$ ne-

pro"oplasm' &ro-" an% repair

. in "e $orma"ion o$ enz!mes an% some ormones

. in "e $orma"ion o$ pro"ein par" o$ aemo&lobin par" o$"e re% bloo% cells

. E2cess amino aci%s are %eamina"e% "o $orm #rea

-ic is e2cre"e% in "e #rine(


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FOR4ATION OF FAECES AN EFECATION

e$aeca"ion is impor"an" $or %iscar&in& -as"e an% #n-an"e%

"o2ic s#bs"ances $rom "e colon(

Te process o$ %e$aeca"ion:


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Role o$ microor&anisms in "e colon

. Tere are s!mbio"ic microor&anisms livin& in "e

#man colon s#c as Escericia coli(

. Te s!mbio"ic bac"eria s!n"esis 9i"amin 3D an%

9i"amin 7 "a" can be absorbe% in "e colon(

. Cons#mp"ion o$ an"ibio"ics can /ill an% %ecrease

"e microbial pop#la"ion in "e colon( Conse?#en"l!'

9i"amin 3D an% 9i"amin 7 canno" be ob"aine% $rom "e

colon(

PRO3=E4S RE=ATE TO EFAECATION

( Cons"ipa"ion

. Cons"ipa"ion is "e %ic#l"! or in$re?#en"

evac#a"ion o$ "e bo-els(

. Reasons:

Too m#c -a"er is remove% b! "e colon

Faeces movin& "oo slo-l! "ro#& "e colon

Te rec"#m is #nable "o e2pel $aeces

. Preven"ions:

Ta/in& a %ie" ric in ro#&a&e

Cons#me more li?#i%s

9isi" "oile" relarl!

E2ercise %ail!


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31/40

. Fre?#enc! an% "ime -e ea"

D( 0oo% ea"in& abi"s:

)a, "a/in& meals a" "e appropria"e "ime

)b, re$rainin& $rom overea"in& or ea"in& "oo li""le %#rin& a

meal

)c, ea"in& a varie"! o$ $oo%

)%, ea"in& a balance% %ie"

)e, ea"in& s#cien" amo#n" o$ 1bre

)$, %rin/in& a leas" D "o K li"er o$ -a"er %ail!

)&, avoi% e2cessive $a""! an% s-ee" $oo%

I0ESTI9E SYSTE4 IN ANI4A=

i, R#minen" animal

I0ESTI9E SYSTE4 IN ANI4A=


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ii, Ro%en" animal


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+"FFEE#ES OF +",EST"-E S*STE& "# .&A# A#+

A#"&A'

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


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P!sical s"r#c"#re o$ leaves a%ap"e% $or po"os!n"esis

• Consis"s o$ a *a"' "in lamina(

)at: as a lar&e s#r$ace "o "rap s#nli&"

thin: li&" can pene"ra"e,

Te lea$ o$ -ole plan" are arran&e% so "a" "e! sa%e eac

o"er as li""le as possible ) "e leaves are in an op"imal posi"ion

$or po"os!n"esis


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;! is Po"os!n"esis impor"an"Q

• 4a/es or&anic molec#les )&l#cose, o#" o$ inor&anic

ma"erials )carbon %io2i%e an% -a"er,(

I" be&ins all $oo% cains-ebs( T#s all li$e is s#ppor"e% b!"is process(

I" also ma/es o2!&en &as

Cloroplas"s: Si"es o$ Po"os!n"esis

– Occ#rs in cloroplas"s' or&anelles in cer"ain plan"s

– All &reen plan" par"s ave cloroplas"s an% carr! o#"

po"os!n"esis

• Te leaves ave "e mos" cloroplas"s

• Te &reen color comes $rom clorop!ll in "e

cloroplas"s

• Te pi&men"s absorb li&" ener&!

– In mos" plan"s' po"os!n"esis occ#rs primaril! in "e

leaves' in "e cloroplas"s


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– A cloroplas" con"ains:

– s"roma' a *#i%

– &rana' s"ac/s o$ "!la/oi%s

– Te "!la/oi%s con"ain clorop!ll

– Clorop!ll is "e &reen pi&men" "a" cap"#res li&"

$or po"os!n"esis

Te loca"ion an% s"r#c"#re o$ cloroplas"s

• Po"os!n"esis is "e process b! -ic a#"o"ropic

or&anisms #se li&" ener&! "o ma/e s#&ar an% o2!&en &as

$rom carbon %io2i%e an% -a"er


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• Tere "-o main s"a&es : light

reaction an% dar0 reaction

•

=i&" reac"ion occ#rs onl! in "e presence o$li&"( ar/ reac"ion occ#rs %#rin& %a! an% ni&"(

• =i&" reac"ion . occ#rs in grana1

• Clorop!ll cap"#res li&" ener&! . e2ci"es "e

elec"rons "o i&er ener&! levels(

•

Elec"rons "en leave "e clorop!ll(

• =i&" ener&! is also #se% "o spli" -a"er molec#le

in"o !%ro&en ions an% !%ro2!l ions( Tis is

/no-n as 2hotol3sis of water1

• H!%ro&en ions combine -i" elec"rons release%

b! clorop!ll "o $orm !%ro&en a"oms(

• Te ener&! $rom e2ci"e% elec"rons is #se% "o

$orm a%enosine "ripospa"e )ATP,(

• A" "e same "ime' !%ro2!l ion loses an elec"ron

"o $orm !%ro2!l &ro#p(

• Tis elec"ron is "en receive% b! clorop!ll(

Te !%ro2!l &ro#ps "en combine "o $orm -a"eran% &aseo#s o43gen(

• O2!&en is release% in"o "e a"mospere an%

#se% $or cell#lar respira"ion( Te AT! molec#les

provi%e ener&! -ile "e !%ro&en a"oms

provi%e re%#cin& po-er $or "e %ar/ reac"ion(


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ar/ reac"ion . also /no-n as Calvin c!cle(

• Occ#rs in stroma( H!%ro&en a"oms are #se% "o

12 carbon %io2i%e in"o &l#cose(

• Te &l#cose monomers "en #n%er&o

con%ensa"ion "o $orm s"arc -ic is "emporaril!

s"ore% as s"arc &rains in "e cloroplas"s(

onclusion

• =i&" reac"ion . occ#rs in "e &rana )con"aine%clorop!ll, . "a/es place in "e presence o$

s#nli&" an% clorop!ll . clorop!ll absorbs li&"

"en i" becomes ac"iva"e% an% "is ener&! is #se%

"o :

i, pro%#ce ener&! in "e $orm o$ ATP )#se% $or

%ar/ reac"ion,

ii, spli" #p -a"er molec#les )po"ol!sis, in"o

!%ro2!l ions)OH., an% !%ro&en ions )HL, .

o2!&en is release% b#" !%ro&en en"ers %ar/

reac"ion(

•

ar/ reac"ion )=i&" in%epen%en" reac"ion, . "a/esplace in "e s"roma .ATP combine% -i" !%ro&en

a"oms )$rom "e li&" reac"ion, are #se% "o re%#ce

carbon %io2i%e "o $orm &l#cose(

0l#cose pro%#ce%

i, conver"e% "o s"arc )s"ore%,'

ii, "rans$orme% . s#crose "ranspor"e% "o o"erpar"s


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iii, s!n"esis o$ cell#lose

iv, conver"e% "o a( aci%s an% $a""! aci%s

chapter 6 nutrition bi

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