chapter 6 mendelian genetics. genetics – the scientific study of heredity gregor mendel is said to...
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Chapter 6
Mendelian Genetics
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Genetics – the scientific study of heredity
Gregor Mendel is said to be the father of genetics.
Mendel used pea plants to study the inheritance of traits.
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True-breeding – plants that produce offspring identical to themselves.
Parents that have different traits will produce hybrids.
Hybrids are offspring of parents with different traits.
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Mendel’s Pea Traits
Traits – Traits are specific characteristics (like blue eyes or 5 fingers)
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Genes are factors that are passed from one generation to the next. (From parents to offspring)
Alleles are different forms of a gene (like purple or white flowers).
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Law of Dominance
This principle states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
The dominant allele is represented by an uppercase letter.
P – purple flowerThe recessive allele is represented by a
lowercase letter.p – white flower
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Dominant – Trait that will hide or mask the recessive trait
Recessive – Trait that will show only when found with another recessive allele
Genotype – what the alleles are
Phenotype – observable characteristics
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P Generation is the first parental generation.
F1 is called the first filial generation or the first offspring when the P generation is crossed.
F2 is called the second filial generation or the offspring from crossing the F1 generation.
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Mendel’s Law of Segregation
• Mendel wanted to know what happened to the recessive alleles.
• He allowed for F1 plants to self pollinate and this resulted in some F2 plants showing the recessive trait.
• The two alleles separate when organisms produce gametes, or sex cells. Each gamete carries a single copy of each gene.
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• Homozygous - Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait
Ex. TT or tt• Heterozygous - Organisms that have two
different alleles for a particular trait (Hybrids) Ex. Tt
Punnett squares show:• Possible genotypes• The alleles in the gametes of parents• All possible results of a genetic cross
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Probability
• Probability is the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
• Flip a coin 100 times; record the number of times it is heads _____ and tails_____
• Principles of probability can be used to predict the traits of offspring produced by genetic crosses
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Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits can segregate (on separate chromosomes) independently during the formation of gametes.
Example: Seed shape doesn’t determine seed color.