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Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World

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Page 1: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Chapter 6Major Ecosystems of the World

Page 2: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Overview of Chapter 6

PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes

PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries

Marine Ecosystems Interaction of Life Zones and Humans

Page 3: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Part 2: Aquatic Ecosystems Fundamental Division: Saltwater (Marine) Freshwater

Aquatic ecosystems also affected by Dissolved oxygen Light penetration Water chemistry (pH, salinity, etc.)

Water currents

Page 4: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Aquatic Ecosystems Three main categories of aquatic organisms Plankton ‐ free floating Nekton ‐ strong swimming Benthos ‐ bottom dwelling

Plankton Nekton Benthos

Page 5: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Freshwater Ecosystems

Include: Rivers and streams Lakes and ponds Marshes and swamps

Represent 2% of earth’s surface

Assist in recycling water back to the oceans

Page 6: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Rivers and Streams

Page 7: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Lakes and Ponds

Body of freshwater that does not flow

Three zones Littoral Limnetic Profundal

Experience thermal stratification (depending on depth)

Page 8: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Lakes and Ponds

Littoral Zone ‐ shallow water area along the shore Limnetic Zone ‐ open water beyond the littoral zone Profundal Zone ‐ beneath the limnetic zone of deep lakes

Page 9: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Lakes and Ponds

Littoral ZoneLimnetic Zone

Page 10: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Thermal Stratification Temperature changes sharply with depth

Thermocline Temperature transition between warmer surface water and colder water at depth

Only present in warm months

Page 11: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Fall Turnover

Page 12: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Fall Turnover

Summer Winter

Echo Lake, California

Page 13: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Marshes and Swamps Lands covered by shallow, fresh water for at least part of the year

Historically filled in for development Process called “Reclamation” Current law recognizes their ecosystem services and ecological value Flood protection, water purification, nesting habitat, etc.

Page 14: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Marshes and SwampsNapa-Sonoma Marsh

Page 15: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Marshes and SwampsNapa-Sonoma Marsh (Restoration)

Page 16: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Marshes and SwampsNapa-Sonoma Marsh (After Restoration)

Page 17: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Estuaries

Where freshwater and saltwater mix Highly variable environment Temperature, salinity, depth of light penetration

Highly productive Nutrients transportedfrom land

High level of lightpenetrates shallow water

Plants providephotosynthetic carpet

Page 18: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Estuaries

San Francisco Bay (Estuary) Largest estuary on west coast of United States

Page 19: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Marine Ecosystems

Subdivided into life zones Intertidal zone – land/sea interface Benthic zone – sea bottom Pelagic environment – open ocean

Tide pools Open ocean

Page 20: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Benthic Zone

Ocean floor, extending from tidal zone to deep sea trenches

Sediment is mostly mud Burrowing worms and clams

Deep benthos Shallow benthos

Page 21: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Productive Benthic Communities Seagrass Beds

Present to depth of 10 m Provide food and habitat to ecosystem

Kelp Forest 60 m long brown algae found off rocky shores Large Biodiversity

Coral Reefs Built from accumulated layers of CaCO3

Colonies of millions of tiny coral animals

Found in shallow warm water Most diverse of all marine environments

Page 22: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

SeagrassBed

Kelp Forest

Productive Benthic Communities

Coral Reef

Page 23: Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems the - Napa Valley College · Overview of Chapter 6 PART 1 Earth’s Major Biomes PART 2 Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems Estuaries Marine Ecosystems

Human Impacts on the Ocean

CHAPTER 26 Some Major Ecosystems - ilmkidunya.com

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