chapter 6: cost of goods sold and inventory © 2012 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not...

Chapter 6:Cost of Goods Sold and

Inventory

© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Cornerstones of Financial and Managerial Accounting, 2e

Learning Objectives


1. Describe the types of inventories held by merchandisers and manufacturers, and understand how inventory costs flow through a company

2. Explain how to record purchases and sales of inventory using a perpetual inventory system

3. Apply the four inventory costing methods to compute ending inventory and cost of goods sold under a perpetual inventory system

4. Analyze the financial reporting and tax effects of the various inventory costing methods

5. Apply the lower of cost or market rule to the valuation of inventory6. Evaluate inventory management using the gross profit and inventory

turnover ratios7. Describe how errors in ending inventory affect income statements and

balance sheets8. (Appendix 6A) Explain how to record purchases of inventory using a

periodic inventory system9. (Appendix 6B) Compute ending inventory and cost of goods sold under

a periodic inventory system

Nature of Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold


1

►Inventory: Products held for resale and is classified as a current asset on the balance sheet

►When companies sell their inventory to customers, the cost of the inventory becomes an expense called cost of goods sold. ►Cost of goods sold (or cost of sales): The outflow of resources

caused by the sale of inventory and is the most important expense on the income statement of companies that sell goods instead of services

►Gross margin (or gross profit) is a key performance measure. ►Indicates the extent to which the resources generated by sales

can be used to pay operating expenses (selling and administrative expenses) and provide for net income

►Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Margin

Types of Companies


►Merchandisers: Companies (either retailers or wholesalers) that purchase inventory in a finished condition and hold it for resale without further processing►Merchandise inventory: The inventory held by

merchandisers►Retailers: Merchandisers that sell directly to consumers►Wholesalers: Merchandisers that sell to other retailers

►Manufacturers: Companies that buy and transform raw materials into a finished product which is then sold

1

Types of Inventory and Flow of Costs

► Manufacturing companies classify inventory into three categories: raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods.


Work-in-process inventory consists of the raw materials that are used in production as well as

other production costs such as labor and utilities.

Raw materials inventory are the basic ingredients used to make a product.

The finished goods inventory account represents the cost of the final product

that is available for sale.

1

Flow of Inventory Costs


1

Cost of Goods Sold Model


1

Beginning inventory+ Purchases= Cost of goods available for sale-Ending inventory= Cost of goods sold


Cornerstone 6-1Applying the Cost of Goods

Sold Model1


Cornerstone 6-1Applying the Cost of Goods

Sold Model (continued)

1

Types of Inventory Systems


1

Recording Inventory Transactions: Perpetual

System► The cost of inventory will include the purchase price plus

other “incidental” costs, such as freight charges to deliver the merchandise to the company’s warehouse, insurance cost on the inventory while it is in transit, and various taxes.


Source Document

INVOICEPurchases refer to the cost of merchandise acquired for resale during the accounting period. The purchase of inventory is recorded by increasing the inventory account.

2

Purchase Discounts►Companies that sell goods on credit often offer their

customers sale discounts to encourage prompt payment. From the viewpoint of the customer, such price reductions are called purchase discounts.

► The credit terms specify the amount and timing of payments.

►Credit terms of “2/10, n/30” mean that a 2 percent discount may be taken on the invoice price if payment is made within 10 days of the invoice date. ►Discount period: A period when prompt payment is

rewarded by offering a discount© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a

license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

2

Purchase Returns and Allowances2


Transportation Costs► Transportation, or freight, costs are expenditures made to move

the inventory from the seller’s location to the purchaser’s location.

► The proper recording of transportation costs depends upon whether the buyer or the seller pays for the transportation.

► The point at which ownership, or title, of the inventory changes hands depends on the shipping terms of the contract.

► The shipping terms can be either:► F.O.B. shipping point: ownership of the inventory passes from the seller

to the buyer at the shipping point and the buyer normally pays the transportation costs termed as freight-in.

► F.O.B. destination: ownership of the inventory passes when the goods are delivered to the buyer and the seller is usually responsible for paying the transportation costs termed as freight-out.


2

Shipping Terms


2

Consignments

►Sometimes goods owned by one party are held and offered for sale by another. This arrangement is called a consignment.


2

Original Owner(Consignor)

Retains Ownership

Seller(Consignee)

Earns a fee for selling


Cornerstone 6-2Recording Purchase Transactions in a Perpetual Inventory System2


Cornerstone 6-2Recording Purchase Transactions in a Perpetual Inventory System

(continued)

2

Accounting for Sales of Inventory

►In addition to purchase transactions, merchandising companies must also account for the inventory effects of sales and sales returns.

►Because a perpetual inventory system is being used, the merchandise inventory account is also affected.


2

Sales

►Companies recognize sales revenue when it is earned and the collection of cash is reasonably assured.

►The recording of sales revenue involves two journal entries:►First, sales revenue is recognized.►The second journal recognizes the cost of goods that are

sold. It also reduces the inventory account so that the perpetual inventory system will reflect an up-to-date balance for inventory.


2

Sales Returns and Allowances

►If a customer returns an item for some reason, the company will decrease sales by creating a contra revenue account called “Sales Returns & Allowances” and decrease accounts receivable or cash.

► In addition, the company must make a second entry to decrease cost of goods sold and increase inventory to reflect the return of the merchandise.

►In dealing with sales to customers, it is important to remember to record revenues at the selling price and to record expenses (and inventory) at cost.


2


Cornerstone 6-3Recording Sales Transactions

in a Perpetual Inventory System2


Cornerstone 6-3Recording Sales Transactions

in a Perpetual Inventory System (continued)

2

Costing Inventory


► A key feature of the cost of goods sold model is that the determination of cost of goods sold requires an allocation of the cost of goods available for sale between ending inventory and cost of goods sold.

► If the prices paid for goods are constant over time, this allocation is easy to compute:► Ending Inventory x Cost per Unit = Cost of Ending Inventory► Units Sold x Cost per Unit = Cost of Goods Sold

► However, typically, the price paid for a good changes over time and the cost of goods available for sale may include units with different costs per unit.

3

Costing Inventory (continued)


► An inventory costing method determines how costs are allocated to cost of goods sold and ending inventory. Accountants typically use one of four following inventory costing methods:

3

Specific Identification Method


► The specific identification method determines the cost of ending inventory and the cost of goods sold based on the identification of the actual units sold and in inventory.

► It requires that detailed records of each purchase and sale be maintained so that a company knows exactly which items were sold and the cost of those items.

► Historically, this method was practical only for high-cost items with unique identifiers (e.g., serial numbers) that were sold in low numbers—for example, automobiles.

► With the introduction of bar coding, electronic scanners, and radio frequency identification, this method has become easier to implement, but its application is still relatively rare.

3


3Cornerstone 6-4

Applying the Specific Identification Method


3Cornerstone 6-4

Applying the Specific Identification Method

(continued)

First-In, First-Out (FIFO)


► The first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is based on the assumption that costs move through inventory in an unbroken stream, with the costs entering and leaving the inventory

► The earliest purchases (the first in) are assumed to be the first sold (the first out), and the more recent purchases are in ending inventory.

► Every time inventory is sold, the cost of the earliest (oldest) purchases that make up cost of goods available for sale is allocated to cost of goods sold, and the cost of the most recent purchases is allocated to ending inventory.

► In many instances, this cost flow assumption is an accurate representation of the physical flow of goods.

3


Cornerstone 6-5Applying the

FIFO Inventory Costing Method3


3 Cornerstone 6-5Applying the

FIFO Inventory Costing Method (continued)

Last-In, First-Out (LIFO)


► The last-in, first-out (LIFO) method allocates the cost of goods available for sale between ending inventory and cost of goods sold based on the assumption that the most recent purchases (the last in) are the first to be sold (the first out).

► Under the LIFO method, the most recent purchases (newest costs) are allocated to the cost of goods sold and the earliest purchases (oldest costs) are allocated to inventory.

► Except for companies that stockpile inventory (e.g., piles of coal, stacks of hay, stacks of rock), this cost flow assumption rarely coincides with the actual physical flow of inventory.

3


3Cornerstone 6-6

Applying the LIFO Inventory Costing Method


3Cornerstone 6-6

Applying the LIFO Inventory Costing Method

(continued)

Average Cost


► The average cost method allocates the cost of goods available for sale between ending inventory and cost of goods sold based on a weighted average cost per unit.

► This weighted average cost per unit is calculated after each purchase of inventory as follows:

► Because a new average is computed after each purchase, this method is often called the moving-average method. This weighted average cost per unit is then used to calculate ending inventory and cost of goods sold as follows:

3


3Cornerstone 6-7

Applying the Average Cost Inventory Costing Method


3 Cornerstone 6-7Applying the Average Cost

Inventory Costing Method (continued)


► Companies are free to choose among the four inventory costing methods, and the inventory accounting policy decisions that are made can have major effects on the financial statements.

► Proper management of these decisions, within the bounds of generally accepted accounting principles and good business ethics, can also affect the timing of income tax payments and the judgments of creditors, stockholders, and others.

► Therefore, it is important to understand the consequences of these accounting choices.

4 Cost Methods

Financial Statement Effects of Alternative

Inventory Costing Methods


4

Financial Statement Effects

of Alternative Inventory Costing Methods

(continued)


4


► In periods of rising prices, companies may choose LIFO because it produces the lowest current taxable income and the lowest current income tax payment.

► In the long run, all inventory costs will find their way to cost of goods sold and the income statement.

► Choosing LIFO to minimize current taxes does not avoid the payment of taxes; it merely postpones it, temporarily reducing the company’s capital requirements for a period of time.

► The federal income tax code requires businesses that use LIFO for tax purposes to use LIFO for financial reporting purposes as well. This is known as the LIFO conformity rule.

4 Income Tax Effects of Alternative Costing

Methods

Lower of Cost or Market Rule


5

Inventories in total

Major Groups of Inventories

Individual InventoryItems

Application of Lower-of-Cost-or-Market

Rule


5


5 Cornerstone 6-8Valuing Inventory at Lower of Cost

or Market


5 Cornerstone 6-8Valuing Inventory at Lower of Cost

or Market(continued)

Analyzing Inventory


Key indicator of a company’s ability to sell inventory

at a profit.

Shows how quickly inventory is purchased and

sold.

Shows turnover in average number

of days.

6


6 Cornerstone 6-9Calculating the Gross Profit

and Inventory Turnover Ratios


6 Cornerstone 6-9Calculating the Gross Profit and

Inventory Turnover Ratios (continued)

LIFO Reserves Adjustments

► Analysts and other users often wish to compare companies that use different inventory costing methods. To assist in these comparisons, companies that use LIFO are required to report the amount that inventory would increase (or decrease) if the company had used FIFO.

► LIFO reserve is the difference between the inventory reported on the balance sheet on LIFO basis and what inventory would be if reported on FIFO basis.

► Reported FIFO Inventory – LIFO Reserve = LIFO Inventory Value


6

Effects of Inventory Errors


► Inventory errors affect the following:

7

Effects of Inventory Errors (continued)

► Even with recent technological advances, it is easy to make errors in determining the cost of the hundreds of items in a typical ending inventory.

► Incorrect counts, mistakes in costing, or errors in identifying items are common.

► Because the ending inventory of one period is the beginning inventory of the next period, errors in the measurement of ending inventory affect two accounting periods.


7

Effects of Inventory Errors(continued)


Current Period

Next Period

Current Period

Next Period

Inventory Understated Correct Overstated Correct

Cost of goods sold

Overstated Understated Understated Overstated

Net income Understated Overstated Overstated Understated

Total assets Understated Correct Overstated Correct

If inventory is understated If inventory is overstated

7


7 Cornerstone 6-10Analyzing Inventory Errors

chapter 6: cost of goods sold and inventory © 2012 cengage learning. all rights reserved. may not...

Documents