chapter 6: chemical bonding covalent focus
DESCRIPTION
6.1 Intro to Bonding Learning Targets Describe and explain chemical bonding. Describe ionic and covalent bonding.TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6: Chemical BondingCovalent Focus
6.1 Intro to Bonding
6.2 Lewis Structures
6.3 Covalent Formulas
![Page 2: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingLearning Targets◦Describe and explain chemical bonding.
◦Describe ionic and covalent bonding.
![Page 3: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingChemical Bond:
Force of attraction between two atoms
Due to mutual attraction of nuclei for electrons
![Page 4: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingWhy do atoms form bonds?
Bonds allow atoms to become more stable by achieving lower energy Forming a bond releases energy Breaking a bond absorbs energy
Atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve noble gas configuration (full shell)
![Page 5: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingOctet Rule: ◦Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
to get 8 valence electrons in order to achieve a noble gas configuration
◦Li◦O◦Ne◦C
![Page 6: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingElectronegativity
Measures how strongly an atom pulls electrons towards it
![Page 7: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingWhat type of bond?
Metals-metals: Metallic
Metal-nonmetal: Ionic
Nonmetal-nonmetal: Covalent Polar if atoms are different from each other
![Page 8: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingClassify each of the following bonds:◦1. H –C
◦2. N—N
◦3. Cu—Zn
◦4. Cs—F
◦5. C—F
![Page 9: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingIonic Bond
Bond formed by attraction between cation and anion One atom loses e-, one gains e-
![Page 10: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingProperties of Ionic Compounds1. Crystalline
Orderly arranged pattern of cations and anions
2. Solid
3. High Melting/Boiling Points
![Page 11: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
6.1 Intro to Bonding4. Hard and Brittle
5. White or Bright colors
6. Dissolve in Water
7. Conduct electricity Break apart into ions in water
![Page 12: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingCovalent bond:
Two atoms share electrons to gain an octet
Polar covalent: Bond formed by two elements that
have different electronegativity Electrons spend more time with one atom Slight charges on atoms Dissolve in polar solvents (water, ethanol)
![Page 13: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingNonpolar covalent:
Bond formed by two elements that have the same or similar electronegativity
Electrons spend equal time with each atom No charge on atoms Dissolve in nonpolar solvents (hexane)
![Page 14: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingProperties of Covalent Compounds1. Crystalline or Amorphous2. All phases 3. Soft4. Low melting/boiling point
![Page 15: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
6.1 Intro to Bonding5. Dull Colors
6. Soluble based on polarity Polar dissolve; Nonpolar do not
7. Nonconductors
![Page 16: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingMetallic Bond
Positive nuclei (cations) exist separately in a sea of electrons
![Page 17: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
6.1 Intro to BondingProperties of Metals◦1. Conduct heat and electricity
◦2. Malleable
◦3. Ductility
◦4. Lustrous
![Page 18: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
6.2 Lewis StructuresLearning Targets:
Draw Lewis dot structures for covalent molecules.
Determine the polarity of a molecule.
Use VSEPR to determine shapes of molecules.
![Page 20: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
6.2 Lewis StructuresLewis Dot Structures
Representation of molecules using nonbonding e-, bonding e-, and atoms
Bonding Pair 2 shared electrons
Lone Pair 2 electrons not in a bond
![Page 21: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
6.2 Lewis Structures
1. Br2
2. N2
3. H2O
4. CH3I
![Page 22: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
6.2 Lewis Structures
5. HNO
6. C2H6
7. C2H4
![Page 23: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
6.2 Lewis StructuresPolarity◦Measure of uneven distribution of electrons
throughout a molecule
◦2 things to look for Asymmetry around central atom
Different elementsLone pairs
![Page 24: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
6.2 Lewis StructuresDetermine if polar or nonpolar
◦1. Br2
◦2. NH3
◦3. C2H6
◦4. CH3Cl
◦5. C2H4
◦6. H2O
![Page 25: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
6.2 Lewis Structures
Octet Exceptions◦B: BH3
◦I: IF3
◦Xe: XeF4
![Page 26: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
6.2 Lewis StructuresValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) theory: Predicts shapes of covalent molecules using valence
electrons and bonds Electron pairs repel each other
Look at central atom (with most atoms attached) Count atoms attached and lone pairs (only on central atom)
![Page 27: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
6.3 Covalent FormulasLearning Targets:
Write names and formulas of covalent compounds.
![Page 29: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
6.3 Covalent FormulasMonoatomic◦Made of individual atoms
Diatomic◦Made of 2 atoms covalently bonded
7 elements always found in pairs when pure element Diatomic 7:
H2 , N2 , O2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , I2
![Page 30: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
6.3 Covalent FormulasPrefixes
Prefix NumberMono- 1
Di- 2
Tri- 3
Tetra- 4
Penta- 5
Hexa- 6
Hepta- 7
Octa- 8
Nona- 9
Deca- 10
![Page 31: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
6.3 Covalent Formulas
Writing a formula from a name:◦Only nonmetals
1. In order of name, write symbols
2. Prefixes determine subscript (# of atoms) No prefix on 1st element 1 atom
![Page 32: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
6.3 Covalent FormulasYou try!1. Dihydrogen monosulfide
2. Carbon tetrahydride
3. Iodine pentafluoride
4. Hydrogen monochloride
5. Triphosphorous pentoxide
![Page 33: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
6.3 Covalent Formulas
Naming a covalent compound◦Only nonmetals
1. In order of formula, write name of each element.
2. Add prefixes in front to show amount If only 1 of first element, ignore “mono”
3. Change endings (all but first) to –”ide”
![Page 34: Chapter 6: Chemical Bonding Covalent Focus](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062317/5a4d1acd7f8b9ab05996ffd0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
6.3 Covalent FormulasYou try!1. CO2
2. SeO
3. IF7
4. PH3
5. N2O5