chapter 6 and 7 biomes. biomes project selections: 1.tropical rain forest 2.temperate rain forest...
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Chapter 6 and 7Biomes
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Biomes project selections:1. Tropical rain forest2. Temperate rain forest3. Deciduous forest4. Taiga5. Savanna6. Temperate grasslands7. Chaparral8. Deserts9. Tundra10.Lakes and ponds11.Freshwater wetlands12.Estuaries13.Coral reefs14.Oceans
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Biome: large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plants and animals.- Biomes are mainly described by their vegetation, due to
their climate specificness.- They very in size, shape, and how they gather water based
on the environmentClimate: weather conditions that occur over long periods of time, temp. and precip. Are the two majors.Latitude and altitude are also playersLatitude: distance north or south of the equatorAltitude: height of an object above sea level.
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Tropical Rain Forest- One of the most biodiverse of any biome- Always humid and warm- 200 to 450 cm’s of rain a year- Help regulate world climate- Huge variety of species per hectare (20 average, 250 TRF)- Located around equator- Very poor soil quality- Organic matter decays quickly/plants absorb nutrients
quickly- Water is processed so efficiently you can almost drink it
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Layers of the rain forest4 basic areas1.Understory (lowest), very little light reaches, usually huge
leaves to capture what little light makes it2.Lower canopy: dominated by epiphytes, use the surface of
the trees to grow, lots of flowers/fruits3.Upper canopy: the primary layer, trees can be as tall as
30m (100ft), absorbs 95% of light, some animals never leave this zone their entire lives.
4.Emergent layer: very top, trees up to 70m (210 ft)
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Threats to the Rain forest- TRF’s covered roughly 20% of the earths surface, now
it is down to 7%- It’s predicted that 150 acres are destroyed every
minute- Habitat destruction by humans is the number one
killer of TRF’s- Destroying TRF’s by burning, and human needs
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Temperate Rain Forests- Just think twilight movie, where most was filmed was a Temp RF.- Large amounts of precipitation, high humidity, and moderate temps- Temps are typically regulated by ocean winds- Dominated by huge trees (90m’s) mosses, lichens, and ferns
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Temperate Deciduous forests- Where we live- Trees drop their leaves each fall (not all of course)- Growing season between 4-6 months- Temperatures range from 35 to 0 degrees- More distinguishable seasons- Typically between 30 and 50 degrees north latitudes (most are in northern hemisphere).
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Plants and animals of TDF- Typically have a migrations (especially birds)- Plants adapted to survival during winter months
Taiga- The northern coniferous forest.- Broad band just beneath the Arctic circle- Long winters (6 to 10 months)- Plants typically grow only during the short summer months- Trees have adapted leaves to shed snow. (needle like leaves)
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- Most (year round) animals in the taiga hibernate in the winter.
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Savanna- Tropical biome dominated by grasses, shrubs, and small trees.- Rain falls mainly in the “wet” season, which is only a few months long- Support a huge variety of herbivores- Plants typically have large horizontal root systems to take advantage of rain when it does
fall.- Shed leaves during long dry months- Most plants have thorns or sharp leaves to protect against herbivores.- Just think lion king for plants and animals
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Temperate Grasslands- Moderate rainfall, but a lack of trees and shrubs either due to not enough rain or fires are
to frequent.- Go by many names; prairies in NA, Steppes in Asia, the Veldt in South Africa, Pampas in
South America.- Mountains play a crucial role, called rain shadow effect.
- Moister laden clouds move up a mountain side, drop their moisture, then the other side is dry.
- Can look almost desert like- Plants: grasses and wildflowers mainly, very few trees and shrubs, lots of fires (not like
chaparral though)- Highly productive for farmland due to the fertile soil (grasses dying back leave a lot of
nutrients)- Most fertile soil in the world- Animals: grazing animals, and burrowing animals dominate- Farming is the number 1 threat.
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Chaparral- A temperate shrubland with moderately dry coastal
climates, little to no rain in the summer.- In middle latitudes (about 30 degrees north).- Mostly low lying evergreen shrubs and small trees- Plant leaves contain oils that promote burning- Fires are very common, and needed- Most animals are very adept at camouflage, both shape and
coloring- Human development biggest threat.
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Deserts- Main characteristic of all deserts: widely scattered vegetation, very
little rain (sometimes almost zero) fluctuating temp (from 40 degrees in the day to near freezing at night) often located near mtn ranges.
- All plants are adapted to low rain amounts and conserving water (called succulents)
- Modified leaves (spiney), usually waxy coatings- Animals typically have thick scaly skins to prevent water loss, most
are nocturnal
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Tundra- Located in northern hemisphere- Winter is to cold and dry to permit growth of trees- Permafrost: permanently frozen ground.- In the summer, top layer of soil becomes quite moist and soggy, which leads
to enormous numbers of swarming insects like mosquitoes.- Dominated by wild flowers, mosses and lichens (in summer months) grow
close to the ground as well.- A lot of migratory animals- Some live year round, will change colors for the different season- Biggest threat, again, humans- It is one of the most fragile biomes in the world because it is so slow to
recover after damage occurs- Global climate change is going to have the most effect on the tundra.
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Some vocab needed for water biomes:Wetland: periodically underwaterPlankton: aquatic organism, can’t swim against current: “drifters”Phytoplankton: algae, main food base for most aquatic ecosystemsZooplankton: non-photosynthetic, drifting animals, microscopic to larger “jellyfish”Nekton: free swimmingBenthos: bottom dwellers
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Lakes and ponds- Divided into horizontal and vertical zones
- Littoral zone: near the shore, nutrient rich, diverse aquatic life- Limnetic zone: open water, no rooted plants, phytoplankton more
abundant- Benthic zone: the bottom, dominated by decomposers
- Eutrophication: increase in the amount of nutrients, can be good and bad
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Wetlands- Areas of land, with special soils and plants, that are covered with
fresh water for at least part of the year. Two main types marshes and swamps.- Marshes: contain non-woody plants- Swamps: dominated by woody plants
VERY IMPORTANT: Environmental functions of wetlands- Trapping and filtering sediments, nutrients, and pollutants- Reduces the likelihood of floods- Buffers shore lines against erosion- Spawning grounds for commercially important shellfish- Habitat for endangered species- Recreational areas for all sorts of stuff
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Swamps- Flat poorly drained wooded land- Example Bogs: very acidic, filled with sphagnum (peat moss)- Ideal habitat for a variety of species
Human impacts- Were considered wastelands and breeding grounds for disease
carrying insects- We drained them and filled them- Developed farms and homes- Cutting off our noses to spite our face- Florida everglades is a great example of our destruction
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Rivers- Typically cool, oxygen rich moving bodies of water (which can vary in speed
and volume)
Human impact- Damns are the number one issue dealing with river flows- Pollutions finds its way to a lot more places due to runoff
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Marine EcosystemsEstuaries: an area in which fresh water mixes with salt water from the ocean- Support many organisms- Provide protected areas for everyone (even humans)- 10 largest urban areas in the world were built on esturaries
- Tokyo, new York, shanghai, Buenos aires, rio de janeiro, and mumbai
- Threats: used and landfills, development, pollutants for humans, general habitat destruction.
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Salt marshes- Estuary where rivers deposit loads of nutrient rich mud- Support a huge number of species, major nursery for many ocean
species
Mangroves- A variety of small trees that are adapted to grow in salt water- Typically have above ground root systems- Protect coastlines- Provide shelter for “nursery”- Habitat for over 2000 animal species- Rapidly being destroyed
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Rocky and Sandy shores- Barrier islands: run parallel to sandy shores, help protect the mainland for
storms and waves.- Rocky shores, mostly out west, and up north (east coast) large variety of life
found here- Sandy shores, where we live, dominated by burrowing animals
Coral reefs- Limestone ridges built by tiny coral animals called polyps.- They secrete skeletons of limestone, which is how reefs are formed- Great barrier reef is the largest in the world (1600 miles long)- Need warm, clear water, to photosynthesize (not actually the polyps, but
zooxanthellae)- Only the outer layer is alive- Typically share digestive system with entire colony
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Coral reefs in danger- Very fragile- Greatly effected by sediment, temperature, human touch, and pollutants- Coral bleaching (turning white after dying)- Estimated 50% of the worlds reefs are in danger- Grows very slowly, so difficult to replace
Oceans- Sunlight and only penetrate about 300 ft.- Much of oceans life concentrated in shallow water or the top layer- Open ocean considered one of the least productive of all ecosystemsThreats:- Pollution- Overfishing