chapter 6 - anderson1.org · •little turtle – native american war chief who defeated forces...

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins Government and Party Politics

Section 1

Chapter 6

The New Republic


The Cold War Begins Government and Party Politics

Section 1

• Describe the steps Washington’s administration took to build the federal government.

• Analyze Hamilton’s plans for the economy

and the opposition to them. • Explain how a two-party system emerged in

the new nation.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1

Government and Party Politics

Terms and People

• administration – the officials in the executive

branch of government

• precedent – an act or statement that becomes a

tradition to be followed

• Cabinet – the officials who head the major

executive departments and advise the President

• tariff – a tax on imported goods

• loose construction – a broad interpretation of

the Constitution relying on the implied powers of

Congress


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Terms and People (continued)

• strict construction – a narrow interpretation of

the Constitution that limits Congress’s actions only

to powers specifically granted by the Constitution

• Whiskey Rebellion – a 1794 protest by farmers in

western Pennsylvania against an excise tax on

whiskey

• political party – a group that seeks to win

elections, hold public office and shape policy

• Democratic Republicans – a political party that

emerged in opposition Hamilton’s economic policies


The Cold War Begins

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In 1789, the leaders of the new government gathered in New York City. The newly ratified Constitution was entirely untested.

How did debate over the role of government lead to the formation of political parties?

The Framers and President Washington knew that a good start was essential to the future of

the republic.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


When George Washington took office, he quickly established precedents for running the government.

The new President faced many challenges:

• The nation was $52 million in debt.

• There was no navy and the army had only 400 men.

• Spain closed the Mississippi River in New Orleans to American trade.

• British troops occupied American land along the Great Lakes.


The Cold War Begins

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Washington picked a Cabinet to head each of four executive departments in his administration.

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

• Secretary of War Henry Knox

• Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton

• Attorney General Edmund Randolph


The Cold War Begins

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The first task was to set up a court system.

• The Judiciary Act of 1789 created district and circuit courts and a six-member Supreme Court.

• The office of Attorney General was created to prosecute legal cases for the government.

• John Jay was appointed as first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The huge debt was the biggest problem facing the administration. Treasury Secretary Hamilton suggested a controversial plan.

Rather than just pay off the federal debt, state debts would also be assumed. Bonds for the total would be sold to wealthy investors.

The investors would receive annual dividends and have a stake in helping the government succeed.


The Cold War Begins

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• Hamilton also proposed chartering a Bank of the United States to regulate state banks and insure business support.

• He hoped to replace the nation’s agriculturally based economy with commerce and manufacturing.

• He proposed a high tariff or tax on imported goods to earn revenue and encourage domestic industry.


The Cold War Begins

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Hamilton saw 3 advantages to his financial plan

3 The plan would enrich investors who would reinvest and thus create more wealth.

The plan would gain political support from the wealthiest Americans. 2

The plan would establish the

nation’s financial credibility. 1


The Cold War Begins

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Wealth would be redistributed from farmers to merchants, and from the South to the North.

Investors who purchased the bonds would make huge profits at everyone else’s expense.

The costs would fall on farmers who would have to pay excise taxes and higher tariffs.

Antifederalists objected to Hamilton’s plan.

They had 3 main complaints:

1

2

3


The Cold War Begins

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Most southern states had already paid off their war debts. He asked why they should bail out northern states that still had debts.

Jefferson believed the plan gave more power to the government than the Constitution permits.

Secretary of State Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s plan.


The Cold War Begins

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Hamilton

favored a loose construction of the Constitution.

Congress has implied powers, and can take any actions not specifically forbidden.

The Constitution allows Congress to act for the “general welfare” so it could charter a bank.

Jefferson favored a strict construction of the Constitution.

Congress should be limited to the powers specifically granted by the Constitution.

The Constitution does not give Congress power to charter a national bank, so it could not establish one


The Cold War Begins

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In 1791, Congress accepted Hamilton’s plan.

In return, a new national capital was created. Washington D.C. would be placed in the South, on the banks of the Potomac River.

The national debt was funded, outstanding state debts were assumed, excise taxes and tariffs were levied, and the bank was authorized.


The Cold War Begins

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An excise tax on whiskey led to divisions between

the Federalists and the Antifederalists.

• To increase their profits, western Pennsylvania farmers made whiskey from their grain.

• The whiskey tax reminded farmers of British taxes.

• In 1794, some farmers resisted payment. They harassed and intimidated tax collectors.


The Cold War Begins

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Hamilton persuaded Washington to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion.

• Twelve thousand militiamen were sent to deal with the rebellion, but they found no organized insurrection.

• Then Jefferson criticized Hamilton for the use of federal force to repress legitimate criticism.


The Cold War Begins

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Despite Washington’s disapproval, two political parties emerged.

Democratic Republicans

Favored Jefferson and Madison. This party was strongest among Southerners and farmers.

Federalists

Favored Hamilton and was strongest among Northerners, merchants, and the wealthy.


The Cold War Begins

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Section Review

Know It, Show It Quiz QuickTake Quiz

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The Cold War Begins

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Section 2


The Cold War Begins

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• Explain how territorial expansion brought Americans into conflict with the British and with Native Americans.

• Describe American relations with Britain, France, and Spain.

• Analyze how the political parties’ debates

over foreign policy further divided them.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Terms and People

• Little Turtle – Native American war chief who

defeated forces sent to stop his attacks on settlers

in the 1790s

• Battle of Fallen Timbers – 1794 victory over Native

Americans by General Anthony Wayne, led to the

Treaty of Greenville and American control over

Ohio

• French Revolution – 1789 republican uprising in

France against the monarchy that led to public

executions and war with Britain


The Cold War Begins

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• John Jay – Chief Justice who negotiated a 1794

treaty with Britain that removed British soldiers

from American lands, but maintained restrictions

on American shipping

• XYZ Affair – incident in which French officials

demanded bribes to stop French seizures of

American shipping

• Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 Federalist laws to

restrict public criticism and deport immigrants,

most of whom supported Democratic Republicans


The Cold War Begins

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• Virginia and Kentucky resolutions – hinted that

states had the power to nullify federal laws like the

Alien and Sedition Acts, which some Democratic

Republicans thought were unconstitutional

• Aaron Burr – In 1800, tied Jefferson in the electoral

college but became Vice President after Hamilton

urged Federalist congressmen to back Jefferson;

later killed Hamilton in a duel


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How did foreign policy challenges affect

political debate and shape American

government?

The nation had to make peace with Native Americans, control its borders, and establish itself internationally. Renewed war between Britain and France threatened neutrality.

Americans debated the right response to the European war and to the French Revolution.


The Cold War Begins

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The new nation faced challenges on

its Northwestern frontier

The British continued to man forts along the Great Lakes and supplied Indian tribes with guns.

In 1790 and 1791, Chief Little Turtle defeated American forces as the Miami Indians fought American expansion in the Ohio Valley.


The Cold War Begins

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In 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

The resulting Treaty of Greenville gave the United States control of Ohio.


The Cold War Begins

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In 1789, Americans were divided by the French Revolution.

Federalists worried about the anarchy and public executions. Hamilton feared Democratic Republicans might want to do the same in America.

Jefferson decried the violence but publicly admired the French Revolution’s principles.


The Cold War Begins

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Americans worried about the British and French war

as most of America’s imports and tariff revenue

came from British goods.

But Britain

ignored him

and began

seizing

American

trading ships

at sea.

Americans

were

outraged but

powerless to

respond.

President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in 1793.


The Cold War Begins

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• The resulting Jay Treaty was narrowly approved by the Senate. Federalists praised it, but Democratic Republicans attacked it.

• Britain agreed to give up forts on American soil, but Americans had to repay pre-Revolutionary War debts still owed to Britain.

• Restrictions remained on American shipping, which angered many Americans.

Washington sent John Jay to London in 1794 to negotiate.


The Cold War Begins

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A more

popular

treaty was

negotiated

with Spain in

1795.

• The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans to use the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.

• With access to the Mississippi, removal of the British, and defeat of the Native Americans, settlers poured into the west.

• 400,000 Americans lived beyond the Appalachians by the 1800s.


The Cold War Begins

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President Washington chose to retire in 1796.

He felt that voluntary retirement after two terms would set an important precedent for the peaceful transfer of the office.

In his farewell address, Washington advised successors to temper political strife in favor of national unity. In foreign affairs, he suggested Americans avoid “entangling alliances” with European powers.


The Cold War Begins

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As first President, Washington:

• Established the government

• Opened western land for settlers

• Kept the nation out of war

• Developed foreign trade

• Put the nation on solid financial footing.

Washington helped the young nation survive early tests.


The Cold War Begins

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He narrowly defeated Thomas Jefferson who became his vice president.

The vote was largely along regional lines with the North favoring Adams, the South favoring Jefferson.

John Adams was elected President in 1796.


The Cold War Begins

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Americans were angered and insulted by this

XYZ Affair and sentiment against France grew.

French officials identified only as X, Y, and Z

demanded bribes for the right to negotiate.

Like Britain, France began seizing American ships.

Adams sent envoys to negotiate.

Early in his presidency, Adams faced a crisis with France.


The Cold War Begins

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In 1798 Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts making it a crime to criticize the government.

Immigrants, most of whom tended to favor Democratic Republicans, could be deported.

The Federalists claimed the acts were necessary to stop unhealthy criticism that was undermining trust in the government.

Democratic Republicans charged the acts violated the Constitution and were aimed to silence the opposition.


The Cold War Begins

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They suggested that states can “nullify” or reject unconstitutional laws.

In 1798 and 1799, Jefferson and Madison attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.


The Cold War Begins

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Shortly before the 1800 election, President Adams sought peace with France.

This angered other Federalists, including Alexander Hamilton who then worked against Adams’ bid for re-election.

Despite a tie in the electoral college, Thomas Jefferson won the presidency.


The Cold War Begins

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The election of 1800 marked an important precedent as the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another.

The election of 1800 changed the balance of power and ended the Federalist era in government.


The Cold War Begins

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Section Review



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The Cold War Begins

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Section 3


The Cold War Begins

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• Understand why some saw Jefferson’s election as a “republican revolution.”

• Explain the impact of John Marshall’s tenure

as Chief Justice of the United States. • Identify the importance of the Louisiana

Purchase.

• Analyze Jefferson’s foreign policies.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Terms and People

• bureaucracy – the departments and workers that

make up the government

• John Marshall – Federalist Chief Justice who

established the Court’s power of judicial review

• judicial review – the power to decide if an act of

Congress or the President is constitutional

• Marbury v. Madison – 1803 Supreme Court case

that established the Court as the final judge of the

constitutionality of congressional actions


The Cold War Begins

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• Louisiana Purchase – land between the

Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains bought by

the U.S. from France in 1803.

• Lewis and Clark Expedition – “Corps of

Discovery” sent by Jefferson to explore the

Louisiana Territory

• Barbary War – 1801-1805 action against Barbary

pirates who demanded protection money for U.S.

shipping in the Mediterranean Sea


The Cold War Begins

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• embargo – a government order suspending trade,

usually to force some action

• impressment – practice of forcing American for

U.S. shipping in the Mediterranean sailors to serve

in the British navy


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


What were the successes and failures

of the Jefferson administrations?

In 1800, the Democratic Republicans took

control of the presidency, Congress, and most of the state governments. The Federalists would never reclaim national power.

The Jefferson administration changed the style

of government and acquired a huge new territory for the United States.


The Cold War Begins

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Thomas Jefferson viewed his election as a revolution in the principles of government.

• Federalists held expensive public displays to gain respect for the government. Jefferson ended these as aristocratic threats to the republic.

• Where the Federalists discouraged public criticism, Jefferson invited debate and discussion.


The Cold War Begins

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In office, Jefferson reduced the national debt, the government bureaucracy, and the size of the military. He also cut unpopular taxes on land and whiskey.

He benefited from increased revenues from foreign trade and the sale of western lands.


The Cold War Begins

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In 1801,

John Marshall

became

Chief Justice of the

Supreme Court.

• A last-minute appointee, Marshall eventually served 35 years and participated in over a thousand court decisions.

• Marshall wrote over half of those decisions himself, more than any other Supreme Court Justice.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The Court’s role is to determine if acts of Congress or the President are constitutional, a concept known as judicial review.

Federal laws are superior to state laws.

The Constitution is to be interpreted broadly based on the government’s implied powers.

Contracts should be strictly enforced.

Marshall

applied four

Federalist

principles to

his decisions:

1

2

3

4


The Cold War Begins

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Marshall established judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

• In 1801, outgoing President John Adams appointed William Marbury (Federalist) to be a judge.

• Incoming Secretary of State James Madison (Democratic Republican) refused to give Marbury his appointment, so Marbury sued.

• Marshall ruled against Marbury stating that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.


The Cold War Begins

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Marshall’s ruling was a stroke of genius that gave the court more power which was a Federalist goal.

Because Madison and the Democratic Republicans won the case, he could not appeal.

Marshall’s decision set the precedent that the

Supreme Court is the institution that determines the

constitutionality of laws (judicial review).


The Cold War Begins

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In 1803, Jefferson doubled the area of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory.

• Jefferson saw farm ownership as an ideal that freed citizens from a landlord or employer.

• He wanted to expand the U.S. westward so more Americans could be free farmers.

• But, French Emperor Napoleon owned Louisiana and threatened to forbid American farmers from using the port of New Orleans.


The Cold War Begins

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Jefferson asked to buy New Orleans. To his surprise, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory.

• Jefferson decided to contradict his “strict construction” principles. (The power to purchase foreign territory is not specifically granted by the Constitution.)

• The deal was too good to pass up! The Louisiana Purchase added 828,000 square miles and doubled the U.S. for only $15 million.


The Cold War Begins

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The Cold War Begins

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Jefferson sent a “Corps of Discovery” led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to

explore the territory.

The corps was tasked with learning about the climate, plants, seeds, animals, and native people.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition was aided by Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Jefferson

faced several

foreign affairs

challenges.

• In 1805, the Barbary state of Tripoli raised their price for “protection” against pirates.

• Jefferson refused to pay, sending his small navy instead. They defeated the pirates.

• This Barbary War was America’s first overseas victory.


The Cold War Begins

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War between France and Britain brought profits for American merchants but also led to trouble.

• The British Navy began stopping American ships and confiscating their cargo.

• To meet a shortage of sailors, they also began to force or “press” American sailors to serve in the British Navy, a practice called impressment.


The Cold War Begins

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The embargo failed to hurt Britain, but American merchants and farmers suffered from unemployment, bankruptcy, and loss of profits.

Despite the failure of the embargo, the U.S. expanded westward, grew economically,

and reduced its debt.

Jefferson asked Congress for an embargo, hoping a loss of American goods would change Britain’s policies.


The Cold War Begins

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Section Review



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The Cold War Begins

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Section 4


The Cold War Begins

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• Identify the events that led to the War Hawks’ call for war.

• Analyze the major battles and conflicts of the

War of 1812. • Explain the significance of the War of 1812.

Objectives


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Terms and People

• Tecumseh – Shawnee who attempted to unite

the Indian nations to resist expansion by settlers

• Battle of Tippecanoe – Gov. William Henry

Harrison defeated the Shawnee in 1811

• War Hawks – nationalistic western and southern

Congressmen who urged war with Britain in 1812

• War of 1812 – war with Britain, 1812-1815

• Andrew Jackson – defeated the Creek and

Seminole Indians and then the British at New

Orleans


The Cold War Begins

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• Francis Scott Key – penned “The Star Spangled

Banner” during the British attack on Fort McHenry

• “The Star-Spangled Banner” – Key’s poem that

later became the national anthem

• Battle of New Orleans – American victory by

Andrew Jackson routing the British in January 1815

• Treaty of Ghent – treaty ending the War of 1812

• Hartford Convention – meeting of New England

Federalists who opposed the War of 1812


The Cold War Begins

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Why did the United States go to war with Britain, and what was the outcome of that war?

In 1812, the United States found itself

involved in a major war that tested its strength and the solidarity of its people.

Americans managed to fight the war and get the country back on track in its aftermath.


The Cold War Begins

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Americans faced trouble from Native Americans.

• Shawnee warrior Tecumseh and his brother tried to unite Native Americans to fight American expansion.

• Following victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, William Henry Harrison burned Prophetstown, Tecumseh’s village.

• Westerners blamed the British in Canada for arming the Indians, and demanded action.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


In 1811, the

War Hawks

took the lead

in Congress.

• They were led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky.

• They denounced Britain’s impressment of U.S. sailors and its support for Native Americans.

• They believed an invasion of Canada would stop British aid to the Indians and force Britain to respect America at sea.


The Cold War Begins

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The War of 1812 began when Congress declared war in June 1812.

• But the nation was totally unprepared with only a small army and navy.

• Thomas Jefferson advised Madison that an invasion of Canada would be easy.

• He proved wrong and repeated attempts to invade Canada failed.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Early on the British were occupied in Europe, allowing several American victories.

The small American navy did surprisingly well.

• The U.S.S. Constitution defeated H.M.S. Guerrière

• Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Erie.

Americans won several victories against Native Americans.

• In 1813, Harrison killed Tecumseh who was aiding the British.

• But attacks on Canada failed

In 1814, Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek in Alabama.

• Jackson defeated the Seminoles and seized a fort at Pensacola.


The Cold War Begins

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In 1814, Britain defeated France and then launched a four-part offensive in America.

British troops occupied eastern Maine.

A second army invaded New York from Montreal but was turned back.

A third force invaded Maryland, burning Washington D.C., but failed to take Baltimore.

A fourth Army headed to New Orleans. They would be routed by Andrew Jackson.

1

2

3

4


The Cold War Begins

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The Americans’ worst humiliation came when British troops burned the White House and Capitol.


The Cold War Begins

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• Both sides agreed to return to pre-war boundaries.

• A commission was set up to discuss any future boundary disputes.

• Impressment and American neutrality were not discussed.

The

Treaty of

Ghent

ended the

war.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The British failure to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

In January 1815, Andrew Jackson crushed the British in the Battle of New Orleans. The battle took place after the war had officially ended. News of a treaty had not yet arrived.

Several events of the War of 1812 fostered American pride.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


A group of Federalists held the Hartford Convention in December 1814 to consider secession

and making a separate peace with Britain.

After the Treaty of Ghent, these Federalists were discredited as traitors and by 1820,

the Federalist Party had disappeared.

The war was not popular with everyone.


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


The War of 1812


The Cold War Begins

Section 1


Section Review



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chapter 6 - anderson1.org · •little turtle – native american war chief who defeated forces...

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