chapter 5 the periodic law
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 5 The Periodic Law. Patterns of the Periodic Table. Section 1. History of the Periodic Table. History. Atomic masses standardized in 1860 Mendeleev organized all known elements according to atomic mass and chemical and physical properties. History. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 5The Periodic Law
Patterns of the Periodic Table
![Page 2: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Section 1
History of the Periodic Table
![Page 4: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
History
Atomic masses standardized in 1860
Mendeleev organized all known elements according to atomic mass and chemical and physical properties
![Page 5: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
History
Medeleev noticed a trend in physical/chemical properties
Trends were “periodic” which means there is a repeating pattern
![Page 6: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
History
Mendeleev left several empty spaces
Predicted that some elements were not discovered yet.
Scandium, Gallium, and Germanium
![Page 7: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History
Mendeleev arranged elements by atomic mass
In 1911, Henry Moseley arranged elements by nuclear charge (proton or atomic number)
![Page 8: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
History
Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
patterns repeat according to atomic number
![Page 9: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Modern Periodic Table
About 40 more elements have been discovered or created since Mendeleev’s time
![Page 10: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Noble Gases
Discovered in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay (Argon)
Very difficult to discover since they are not reactive (inert)
Helium was discovered to exist on the Sun in 1865, but thought not to exist on Earth. (discovered in 1895)
![Page 11: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Noble Gases
Ramsay made a new group for Helium and Argon
1898 Ramsay discovered Krypton and Xenon
Radon discovered two years later by Dorn
![Page 12: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
S block elements Group 1 and 2
Highly reactive elements Usually found bonded to other
elements in nature (compounds)
![Page 13: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Group 1 elements
Known as the alkali metals All have an ns1 outer electron
configuration Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium,
Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
![Page 14: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Group 2 elements
Known as the alkaline earth metals ns2 valence electron configuration Less reactive than Group 1
elements Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium,
Strontium, Barium, and Radium
![Page 15: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hydrogen and Helium
Exceptions Hydrogen’s properties do not
resemble the alkali metals (behaves like a metal under extremely high pressures)
Helium’s E.C. is 1s2, but it doesn’t act like a Group 2 (acts like noble gas)
![Page 16: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The d-Block ElementsGroups 3-12
Known as transition metals Less reactive than alkali
metals/alkaline earth metals Some exist as free elements in
nature Palladium platinum and gold
![Page 17: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
P-Block ElementsGroups 13-18
Properties vary greatly Includes metals, metalloids, and
nonmetals Valence electrons are equal to
group number minus 10
![Page 18: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Halogens
Group 17 elements Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine,
and Astatine valence configuration is ns2 np5
Most reactive non metals React vigorously with metals
![Page 19: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
F-block ElementsLanthanides and Actinides
Shiny metals Most are radioactive Elements above atomic number 92
(Uranium) are man made
![Page 20: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Periodic Trends
![Page 21: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Periodic Law
When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic #, elements with similar properties appear at regular intervals.
![Page 22: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chemical Reactivity
Families Similar valence e- within a group
result in similar chemical properties
![Page 23: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Chemical Reactivity Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth
Metals Transition Metals Halogens Noble Gases
![Page 24: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
![Page 25: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Atomic Radius Atomic Radius
Li
ArNe
KNa
![Page 26: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
![Page 29: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
![Page 30: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
![Page 31: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
![Page 32: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 35: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
![Page 36: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
![Page 37: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
![Page 38: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
![Page 39: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
![Page 40: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
![Page 42: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
![Page 44: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
![Page 45: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
![Page 46: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
![Page 48: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
![Page 49: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
![Page 50: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
![Page 51: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
![Page 52: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
![Page 53: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
![Page 54: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
![Page 55: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
![Page 56: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
![Page 57: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
![Page 58: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
![Page 59: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Atomic Radius Increases to the LEFT and DOWN
D. Atomic Radius
![Page 60: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Why larger going down? Higher energy levels have larger orbitals Shielding - core e- block the attraction
between the nucleus and the valence e-
Why smaller to the right? Increased nuclear charge without additional
shielding pulls e- in tighter
D. Atomic Radius
![Page 61: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
First Ionization EnergyE. Ionization Energy
KNaLi
Ar
NeHe
![Page 63: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
First Ionization Energy Increases UP and to the RIGHT
E. Ionization Energy
![Page 64: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Why opposite of atomic radius? In small atoms, e- are close to the nucleus where
the attraction is stronger
E. Ionization Energy
![Page 65: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Successive Ionization Energies
Mg 1st I.E. 736 kJ
2nd I.E. 1,445 kJCore e- 3rd I.E. 7,730 kJ
Large jump in I.E. occurs when a CORE e- is removed.
E. Ionization Energy
![Page 66: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Al 1st I.E. 577 kJ
2nd I.E. 1,815 kJ
3rd I.E. 2,740 kJCore e- 4th I.E.11,600 kJ
Successive Ionization Energies Large jump in I.E. occurs when a
CORE e- is removed.
E. Ionization Energy
![Page 67: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
![Page 70: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Which atom has the larger radius?
Be or Ba
Ca or Br
Ba
Ca
Examples
![Page 71: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Which atom has the higher 1st I.E.?
N or Bi
Ba or Ne
N
Ne
Examples
![Page 72: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Which particle has the larger radius?S or S2-
Al or Al3+
S2-
Al
Examples
![Page 73: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Electron Affinity
Neutral atoms can also acquire electrons.
The energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a neutral atom is call the atoms electron affinity.
![Page 74: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Electron affinity
Trend EA increases left to right EA decreases going down
![Page 75: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons from another atom in the compound.
![Page 76: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Electronegativity
Tend to increase across each period (left to right)
Tend to decrease going down
![Page 77: Chapter 5 The Periodic Law](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062309/56815a37550346895dc7771c/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)