chapter 5: more on subjects and complements - 업무용...

Chapter 5: More on Subjects and Complements

Jong-Bok Kim & Peter [email protected], [email protected]

Kyung Hee U. & Stanford U.

JB Kim & P. Sells (Kyung Hee U. and Stanford U.) English Syntax 1 / 52

Grammar Rules and Principles

Grammar Rules: X-bar rules

(1) a. XP → Specifier, Head

b. XP → Head, Complement(s)

c. XP → Head, Modifier



Grammar Rules with Features

(2) a. Head-Specifier Rule:

XP[POS 1

]→ Specifier, X′[POS 1 ]

b. Head-Complement Rule:

XP[POS 1

]→ X[POS 1 ], Complement(s)

c. Head-Modifier Rule:

XP[POS 1

]→ Modifier, XP

[POS 1

]



Head Feature and Head Feature Principle

(3) VP[ POS 1 verb ]

ooooooooooo

OOOOOOOOOOO

V[ POS 1 verb ] PP

(4) The Head Feature Principle (HFP):A phrase’s head feature (e.g., POS, VFORM, etc.) is identicalwith that of its head.

(5) *VP[POS verb]

kkkkkkkkkkk

SSSSSSSSSSS

A[POS adj ] PP



Discharging COMPS and SPR (SUBJ) value

(6) a. Kim put the book in the box.

b. *Kim put the book.

c. *Kim put in the box.

(7)HEAD |POS verb

SPR 〈NP〉COMPS 〈NP, PP〉

(8) a. *Is putting the book in the box.

b. *Talked with Bill about the exam.



Revised Grammar Rules

(9) a. Head-Specifier Rule:

XP[SPR 〈〉

]→ 1 , H[SPR 〈 1 〉]

b. Head-Complement Rule:

XP[COMPS 〈〉

]→ H[COMPS 〈 1 ,. . . , n 〉], 1 ,. . . , n

c. Head-Modifier Rule:XP → [MOD 〈 1 〉], 1H

(10) The Valence Principle (VALP):The mother’s SPR and COMPS value is identical with its headdaughters minus the discharged value(s).



Grammar Rules and HFP

(11) SHEAD 4 | POS verb

SPR 〈〉COMPS 〈〉

nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

SubjH

1 NP

��

###########

VPHEAD 4 | POS verb

SPR 〈 1 〉

COMPS 〈〉

ggggggggggggggg

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPH

CC

Kim

VHEAD 4 | POS verb

SPR 〈 1 〉

COMPS 〈 2 , 3 〉

2 NP

��

3333

3333

3 3 PP

��

2222

2222

2

deposits some money in the bank


Feature Specifications on the Complement Values Complements of Verbs

verb forms

(12) Types of English Verb Forms:Finiteness Verb forms Example

pres He drives a car.fin past He drove a car.

plain They drive a car.

bse He wants to drive a car.Driving a car, he sang a song.

prp He was driving.nonfin He is proud of driving a car.

Driven by the mentor, he worked.psp The car was driven by him.

He has driven the car.inf He has to drive.



Form sharing and finitie vs. nonfinite

(13) a. They write/wrote to her.

b. They are/*be kind to her.

(14) a. They want to write/*wrote to her.

b. They want to be/*are kind to her.



verb form hierarchy

(15) vform

lllllllllllll

EEEE

EEEE

fin

yyyy

yyyy

EEEE

EEEE

nonfin

yyyy

yyyy

EEEE

EEEE

RRRRRRRRRRRRR

pres past plain bse prp psp inf



referring to a VFORM value

(16) a. [VFORM fin]

b. [VFORM prp]

(17) a. The student [knows the answers].

b. The student [knew the answers].

c. The students [know the answers].

(18) a. *The student [knowing the answers].

b. *The student [known the answers].



Basic constraint

(19) English Declarative Sentence Rule:For an English declarative sentence to be well-formed, its verbform value (VFORM) must be finite.

(20) S[ VFORM 1 pres ]

ppppppppppp

OOOOOOOOOOO

NP VP[ VFORM 1 pres ]



Participle forms

(21) Usages of the Present Participle:

a. He is writing another long book about beavers.(part of the the progressive aspect construction)

b. Broadly speaking, the project was successful.(used as a sentence modifier)

c. He is proud of his son’s passing the bar exam.(used in a gerundive construction)

(22) Usages of the Past Participle:

a. The chicken has eaten.(part of the perfect aspect construction)

b. The chicken was eaten.(part of the passive voice construction)

c. Seen from this perspective, there is no easy solution.(used as a sentence modifier)



Lexical entry for the verb

(23)

〈knows〉

HEAD

[POS verb

VFORM pres

]

VAL

SPR⟨

1 NP⟩

COMPS⟨

2 NP⟩

ARG-ST⟨

1 , 2

⟩



VFORM and HFP

(24) S[VFORM pres

]nnnnnnnnnnnnnn

PPPPPPP

NP

4444

4444

444

VP[VFORM pres

]nnnnnnn

AAAA

AAAA

A

The studentV[

VFORM pres] NP

��

��

;;;;

;;;;

knows the answer



various constructions in English where we need to refer toVFORM values

(25) a. The monkeys kept [forgetting/*forgot/*forgotten their lines].(prp)

b. We caught them [eating/*ate/*eat/*eaten the bananas]. (prp)

c. John made Mary [cook/*to cook/*cooking Korean food]. (bse)



VFORM specification

(26) a.〈keep〉HEAD |POS verb

COMPS⟨VP[prp]

⟩

b.〈make〉HEAD |POS verb

COMPS⟨NP, VP[bse]

⟩



tree

(27) SHEAD 4

[POS verbVFORM past

]SPR 〈〉COMPS 〈〉

mmmmmmmmmmm

YYYYYYYYYY

1 NP

VPHEAD 4

SPR 〈 1 〉COMPS 〈〉

gggggggggg

YYYYYYYYYY

N

VHEAD 4

SPR 〈 1 〉COMPS 〈 2 VP 〉

2 VP VFORM 6 prp

SPR 〈NP〉COMPS 〈〉

eeeeeeeeee

PPPPPPPPPPP

John kept

V VFORM 6 prp

SPR 〈NP〉COMPS 〈 5 〉

5 NP

ttttttttt

JJJJJJJJJ

forgetting his lines for the play


Feature Specifications on the Complement Values Complements of Adjectives

two types of adjectives and complement types

(28) a. The monkey seems despondent (that it is in a cage).

b. He seems intelligent (*to study medicine).

(29) a. Monkeys are eager [to leave/*leaving the compound].

b. The chickens seem fond [of/*with the farmer].

c. The foxes seem compatible [with/*for the chickens].

d. These are similar [to/* with the bottles].

e. The teacher is proud [of/*with his students].

f. The contract is subject [to/*for approval by my committee].



lexical entries

(30) a.〈eager〉HEAD |POS adj

SPR 〈NP〉COMPS 〈VP[VFORM inf ] 〉

b.

〈fond〉HEAD |POS adj

SPR 〈 NP 〉COMPS 〈PP[PFORM of ]〉



tree

(31) S[VFORM pres

]jjjjjjjjjjjj

YYYYYYYYYYY

NP

��

////

////

V[VFORM pres

]eeeeeeeeeee

RRRRRRRRRRRR

Monkeys

V[VFORM pres

COMPS 〈 2 〉

]2 AP

nnnnnnnnnnnn

RRRRRRRRRRRR

areA[

COMPS 〈 1 〉] 1 VP[

VFORM inf]

eeeeeeeeeee

SSSSSSSSSSSS

eagerV[

VFORM inf] VP

ssssssss

KKKKKKKK

to leave the meeting


Feature Specifications on the Complement Values Complements of Common Nouns

noun complements

(32) a. their proximity to their neighbors/*for their neighbors

b. Bill’s faith in/*for Fred’s sister

c. the king of/*in English

d. the desire to become famous/*for success

e. the bottom of/*in the barrel


Feature Specifications on the Complement Values Complements of Common Nouns

lexical entry

(33) a.〈proximity〉HEAD |POS noun

SPR⟨

1 DP⟩

COMPS⟨

2 PP[PFORM to]⟩

b.

〈faith〉HEAD |POS noun

SPR⟨

1 DP⟩

COMPS⟨

2 PP[PFORM in]⟩


Feature Specifications for the Subject

restrictions on the subject

(34) a. John/Some books/The spy disappeared.

b. The teacher/The monkey/He fooled the students.

(35) a. It/*John/*There rains.

b. There/*The spy lies a man in the park.



lexical entries

(36) a.〈rained〉

SPR 〈NP[NFORM it]〉COMPS 〈〉

b.

〈fooled〉SPR 〈 NP[NFORM norm〉COMPS 〈 NP 〉

(37)

〈rain〉SPR 〈NP[NFORM it] 〉COMPS 〈〉ARG-ST 〈〉



There

(38) a. There exists only one truly amphibian mammal.

b. There arose a great storm.

(39) a. There exist few solutions which are cost-effective.

b. There is a riot in the park.

c. There remained just a few problems to be solved.

(40) a. *There runs a man in the park.

b. *There sings a man loudly.



The verb ’exist’

(41) a.〈exists〉SPR 〈 1 NP〉COMPS 〈〉ARG-ST 〈 1 〉

b.

〈exists〉SPR 〈NP[NFORM there] 〉COMPS 〈 1 NP 〉ARG-ST 〈 1 〉


Clausal Complement or Subject Verbs Selecting a Clausal Complement

clausal complement

(42) a. I think (that) the press has a check-and-balance function.

b. They believe (that) Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution is justa scientific theory.

(43) a.[COMPS

⟨S[VFORM fin]

⟩]b.

[COMPS

⟨CP[VFORM fin]

⟩]



clausal complement

(44)〈believe〉HEAD |POS verb

COMPS⟨[VFORM fin]

⟩

(45) a. John demanded [that she stop phoning him].

b. The rules require [that the executives be polite].



tree

(46) S

nnnnnnnnnnnnYYYYYYYYYYY

NP

1111

1111

1

VP[COMPS 〈〉

]eeeeeeeeeee

YYYYYYYYYYY

The rulesVP[

COMPS 〈 2 〉] 2 CP[

VFORM bse]

eeeeeeeeeeeYYYYYYYYYYY

requireC[

VFORM bse] S[

VFORM bse]

dddddddddddddZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

that the executives be polite



that

(47)

〈that〉

HEAD

[POS comp

VFORM 1

]SPR 〈〉COMPS 〈S[VFORM 1 ]〉



warn type

(48) a. Joe warned the class that the exam would be difficult.

b. We told Tom that he should consult an accountant.

c. Mary convinced me that the argument was sound.

(49)[COMPS 〈 NP, CP[VFORM fin]〉

]



intend type

(50) a. Tom intends for Sam to review that book.

b. John would prefer for the children to finish the oatmeal.



tree

(51)

S

hhhhhhhhhhYYYYYYYYYY

NP

�� ..

..VP

[COMPS 〈〉]eeeeeeeeee

YYYYYYYYYY

TomV

[COMPS 〈 2 〉]2 CP

[VFORM inf ]

eeeeeeeeeeYYYYYYYYYY

intendsC

[VFORM inf ]S

[VFORM inf ]

hhhhhhhhhhYYYYYYYYYY

for NPVP

[VFORM inf ]

eeeeeeeeeeVVVVVVVVVV

SamV

[VFORM inf ]VP

mmmmmmmQQQQQQQ

to review that book



lexical entries

(52)〈intends〉

HEAD

[POS verb

VFORM pres

]COMPS 〈CP[VFORM inf ]〉

(53) a.

〈for〉

HEAD

[POS comp

VFORM inf

]COMPS 〈S[VFORM inf ]〉

b.

〈to〉

HEAD

[POS verb

VFORM inf

]COMPS 〈VP[VFORM bse]〉



S[inf] as a constituent

(54) a. For John to either [make up such a story] or [repeat it] isoutrageous.(coordination of bse VPs)

b. For John either [to make up such a story] or [to repeat it] isoutrageous.(coordination of inf VPs)

c. For [John to tell Bill such a lie] and [Bill to believe it] isoutrageous.(coordination of inf Ss)



more on ’intend’

(55) a. John intends to review the book.

b. John would prefer to finish the oatmeal.

(56)〈intend〉HEAD |POS verb

COMPS⟨[VFORM inf ]

⟩



try-type

(57) a. Tom tried to ask a question.

b. *Tom tried for Bill to ask a question.

(58) a. Tom tends to avoid confrontations.

b. *Tom tends for Mary to avoid confrontations.

(59) a. Joe hoped to find a solution.

b. *Joe hoped for Beth to find a solution.



believe-type

(60) a. John believed it/that he is honest.

b. John mentioned the issue to me/mentioned to me that thequestion is an issue.

(61) part-of-speech

jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj

ttttttttt

JJJJJJJJJ

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

nominal

ttttttttt

JJJJJJJJJ verb adj prep . . .

noun comp



three different types

(62) a. She pinched [his arm] as hard as she could.

b. *She pinched [that he feels pain].

(63) a. We hope [that such a vaccine could be available in ten years].

b. *We hope [the availability of such a vaccine in ten years].

(64) a. Cohen proved [the independence of the continuum hypothesis].

b. Cohen proved [that the continuum hypothesis wasindependent].



three different argument structure

(65) a.[ARG-ST 〈 NP, NP[POS noun], . . . 〉

]b.

[ARG-ST 〈 NP, CP[POS comp], . . . 〉

]c.

[ARG-ST 〈 NP, [POS nominal ], . . . 〉

]


Clausal Complement or Subject Verbs Selecting a Clausal Subject

clausal subject

(66) a. [John] bothers me.

b. [That John snores] bothers me.

(67) a. [John] loves Bill

b. *[That John snores] loves Bill.

(68) a.SPR 〈 1 [POS nominal] 〉

COMPS 〈 2 NP〉ARG-ST 〈 1 , 2 〉

b.

SPR 〈 1 NP 〉COMPS 〈 2 NP〉ARG-ST 〈 1 , 2 〉



other clausal subject types

(69) a. [That John sold the ostrich] surprised Bill.(that-clause CP subject)

b. [(For John) to train his horse] would be desirable.(infinitival CP or VP subject)

c. [That the king or queen be present] is a requirement on allRoyal weddings.(subjunctive that-clause CP subject)

d. [Which otter you should adopt first] is unclear.(wh-question CP subject)



clausal subject not possible

(70) a. *That Fred was unpopular nominated Bill.

b. *That Tom missed the lecture was enjoyable.

c. *For John to remove the mother is undeniable.

d. *How much money Gordon spent is true.

(71) a.〈nominate〉

VAL

[SPR 〈 1 NP 〉COMPS 〈 2 NP 〉

]ARG-ST 〈 1 , 2 〉

b.

〈surprise〉

VAL

[SPR 〈 1 [POS nominal ] 〉COMPS 〈 2 NP 〉

]ARG-ST 〈 1 , 2 〉


Clausal Complement or Subject Adjectives Selecting a Clausal Complement

adjectives selecting a clausal COMP

(72) a. Tom is confident [that the elephants respect him].

b. Tom is insistent [that the witnesses be truthful].

(73) a. Tom seems eager [for her brother to catch a cold].

b. Tom seems eager [to catch a cold].

(74) a. I am ashamed that I neglected you.

b. I am delighted that Mary finished his thesis.

c. We are content for the cleaners to return the drapes next week.



lexical entries

(75) a.〈confident〉

HEAD |POS adj

COMPS 〈CP[VFORM fin]〉

b.

〈insistent〉HEAD |POS adj

COMPS 〈CP[VFORM bse]〉

c.

〈eager〉HEAD |POS adj

COMPS 〈[VFORM inf ]〉



tree

(76) S

gggggggggWWWWWWWWW

NP

��

,,,,

, VP

ggggggggg

PPPPPPPPPP

TomV[

COMPS 〈 2 〉] 2 AP

nnnnnnnnnn

PPPPPPPPPP

seemsA[

COMPS 〈 3 〉] 3 VP[

VFORM inf]

nnnnnnnnnnWWWWWWWWW

eager VVP[

VFORM bse]

gggggggggWWWWWWWWW

to V NP

~~~ @@@

catch a cold


Clausal Complement or Subject Nouns Selecting a Clausal Complement

nouns selecting a clausal complement

(77) a. (John’s) eagerness [for Harry to win the election]

b. (John’s) eagerness [to win the election]

(78)〈eagerness〉HEAD |POS noun

COMPS⟨[VFORM inf ]

⟩



tree

(79) NP

fffffffffffffffff

PPPPPPPPP

DP

��

....

....

N′

nnnnnnnnn

PPPPPPPPP

John’sN[

COMPS 〈 2 〉] 2 VP[

VFORM inf]

llllllllll

RRRRRRRRRR

eagerness to win the election



relation between verb and noun

(80) a. Bill alleged that Fred signed the check.

b. We believe that the directors were present.

c. We convinced him that the operation is safe.

(81) a. the allegation that Fred signed the check

b. the belief that the directors were present

c. his conviction that the operation is safe



nouns selecting no clausal complement

(82) a. *his attention that the earth is round

b. *his article that the earth is flat

c. *the ignorance that James can play the flute

d. *the expertise that she knows how to bake croissants


Clausal Complement or Subject Prepositions Selecting a Clausal Complement

prepositions selecting a question

(83) a. *Alan is thinking about [that his students are eager to learnEnglish].

b. *Fred is counting on [for Tom to make an announcement].

(84) a. The outcome depends on [how many candidates participate inthe election].

b. Fred is thinking about [whether he should stay in Seoul].


chapter 5: more on subjects and complements - 업무용...

Documents