chapter 5 macromolecules. four classes 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
Macromolecules
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Macromolecules
Four Classes 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids
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Polymer
Chain of linked monomers
polymer monomer
Carbohydrates sugar
Proteins amino acids
Nucleic acids nucleotides
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Composite molecule
Lipids glycerol + fatty acid(s)
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Bonds
macromolecule bond/link type
Carbohydrates glycosidic linkage
Lipids ester linkage
Proteins peptide bond
Nucleic acids phosphodiester bond
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Chemical Reactions
Dehydration synthesis (Condensation) - remove a water molecule, polymerize
Requires enzymes HO 1 2 3 H OH H
H20
short polymer
1 2 3 4HO H
longer polymer
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Chemical Reactions
Hydrolysis - add a water molecule, depolymerize
HO H
HO H
H2O
H OH
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Metabolism
Anabolism - synthesize molecules polymerization dehydration
Catabolism - breakdown molecules depolymerization hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates
CHO sugars function: energy storage (fuel for cellular
work), most are hydrophilic three groups:
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides
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Monosaccharides
empirical formula = (CH2O) n n = 3 to 7 n=5 pentose n=6 hexose Examples of hexoses (C6H12O6)
glucose fructose galactose
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Disaccharides
monosaccharides disaccharide
glucose + glucose = maltose
glucose + galactose = lactose
glucose + fructose = sucrose
formed through dehydration
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Formation of Disaccharaides
glucose glucose maltose
glucose fructose sucrose
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Polysaccharide
Covalently bonded glucose unitsGlycosidic linkage - covalent bond between glucose units
amylose(unbranched)
amylopectin
Starch(plants)
Glycogen(animals)
glycogengranules
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Cellulosecell wall
cellulose microfibrils in a plantcell wall (about 8O molecules)
unbranched β glucosepolymer
unbranched, alternating OH groupsfound in plant cell walls
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Chitin
Glucose plus a nitrogen apendage
Present in exoskeleton of arthropods
used to make strong and flexible surgical thread
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Lipids
CHO Function: long-term energy storage
fats other lipids: phospholipids, steroids, pigments
water-insoluble, nonpolar
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Fats
Glycerol + fatty acid (s) monoglyceride diglyceride triglyceride
glycerol - 3C alcohol
monoglyceride(palmitic acid)
trigryceride (triacylglycerol)
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Fats, cont.
ester linkage - bond between carboxyl (f.a.) and hydroxyl (glycerol)
fatty acids saturated unsaturated
esther linkage
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Saturated Fatty Acids
maximum number of H no double/triple bonds usually solid ex. animal fats
(butter, lard)
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Unsaturated Fatty Acids
usually liquid 1 double bond
monounsaturated more than 1 double bond
polyunsaturated
ex. Oils (nut and seed) hydrogenation causes it
to solidify peanut oil peanut butter
fats yeald 9 cal/gr
oleic acid
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Other Lipids
Phospholipids phosphate + 2 f.a. + glycerol
Steroids Hormones and cholesterol
Pigments chlorophylls xanthophylls carotenes anthocyanins
fatty acids
glycerol
phosphate
choline
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
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Proteins
CHON Function: diverse
structures, contraction, storage, defense, transport, messengers, enzymes
monomer: amino acid
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Proteins cont.
amino acids (20): most contain -central C -amino group -carboxyl group -H atom -functional group (R)
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glycine alanine valine leucine isoleusine
methionine phenylalanine tryptophan proline
serine threonine cysteine tyrosine aspargine glutamine
asparctic ac. glutamic acid lysine arginine histine
Non polar
polar
electricallycharged
R-group
acidic basic
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Proteins cont.
*Peptide bonds *between 2 amino acids *dehydration reaction
protein synthesis
side chain
backbone
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Levels of Protein Structure The following determine the shape of the
protein (polypeptides): primary secondary tertiary quaternary
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Primary Structure of a Protein
+H3N(amino end)
C OH-O(carboxyl end)
amino acid subunits
Start: N-terminus (amino) End: C-terminus (carboxyl)
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Secondary Structure of a Protein Bending and H-bonding to form coils and folds forming
alpha helices (coils) and beta pleated sheets (folds)
α- helix
β pleated sheet
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Tertiary Structure of a Protein
overall conformation of the polypeptide hydrophobic interactions ionic and hydrogen bonds disulfide bridges
polypeptidebackbone
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Quaternary Structure of a Protein Relationship between 2 or more polypeptides
that make up the protein
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Protein Conformation
Altering any level will change the final conformation
denaturation - unravel the protein caused by several different factors
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Nucleic Acids
CHONP Function: store information monomer - nucleotide
ex. DNA, RNA RNA Genomics - branch of biotech
concerned with mapping and sequencing DNA (genomes)
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Nucleotide
Phosphate + sugar + N-base phosphodiester bond between phosphate and sugar
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DNA
nucleus Deoxyribonucleic acid double strand A, G, C, T
nucleotide: phosphate + sugar + N-base
The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA carries genetic information
stretches of DNA are genes
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RNA
cytoplasm Ribonucleic acid single strand RNA
nucleotide: phosphate + sugar + N-base
A, G, C, U
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N-bases Purines (A, G)Pyrimidines (C, T, U)Purine-Pyrimidine
A = T
C = G
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Activity: DNA
What will the other strand be?
DNA
A
G
C
T
?
?
?
?
DNA
5'
3'
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Activity
What will the RNA strand be?
DNA
A
G
C
T
?
?
?
?
RNA
5'
3'
The End