Chapter 5 Issues

• To what extent is the rejection of liberalism justified?

• Why did ideologies that rejected liberalism emerge?

• How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens?

Chapter 5 vocabulary

• Censorship• Collectivization• Communism• Dissent• Fascism• Reactionary• Totalitarianism• Define these terms

Exploring Authoritarianism

• Authoritarianism:– An approach to government in which the

leadership is:• Broad term applied to systems of government not

freely elected by, or accountable to, the people it governs, they do not provide

– democratic, civil and human rights typically associated with modern liberal democracies

– Often driven by desire to remake their nation, and sometimes the world, fit their particular ideological perspective

Dictatorships• A specific kind of

authoritarian system.• A true dictatorship is an

autocracy.• To be labeled a true

dictatorship there must be a single person in charge.

• Saddam Hussein (Iraq)

Oligarchies• A government run by a

small group of unelected individuals.

• May be a leader but power is more divided than in a dictatorship.

• Serves the interest of its small group.

• Referred to as minority tyranny

Exploring Authoritarianism

http://www.planetrulers.com/current-dictators/ http://www.myweku.com/2011/03/list-of-african-dictators-and-longest-serving-leaders/

Theocracy• Oligarchies can be formed on

the basis of religion, race, or other factors.

• A form of government where religious leaders have power over citizens.

• If a single religious leader has absolute power, this could be considers a dictatorship instead of an oligarchy

• Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (Iran)

Junta

• Oligarchies formed by the military officers.

• Control of trained soldiers and heavy weapons usually means they obtain power through a coup d'état (coup)

• Moussa Dadis Camara (Guinea)

Exploring Authoritarianism

Coup d'état

• Existing government is overthrown by force

• Usually a small number op people and not always with the general populations support.

Revolution

• Characterized by wide spread support and participation of the populace in the government’s overthrow.

Exploring Authoritarianism

Societal Conditions that Led to the Rise of Totalitarianism in the 20th century

• The two most influential ideologies that rejected liberalism– communism and fascism

• Both were totalitarian governments • Totalitarianism is a political system where the state

recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life

Totalitarian Governments• Can be a dictatorships or oligarchs• What makes this form of rule distinctive is the

degree of government control over the population.

• Leadership may be primarily focused on maintain political power and increasing their personal wealth.

• Citizens may have little contact with the Gov. if they go about their daily business (don’t draw unnecessary attention).

“everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” Mussolini

• Totalitarian systems attempt to impose its ideology on all citizens.

• Requires the Gov. to extend control throughout the fabric of society.

• Maintain political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and through the state-controlled, mass media, propaganda

• Propaganda: information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to influence behavior help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, or nation.

Soviet Union Nazi Germany

Extensive local, regional and national organizations

Youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups.

A secret police using terror

Indoctrination through education

The censorship of the media

Redirecting popular discontent ( scapegoat)

Fill in examples as you read.

Figure 5-4

• Draw figure 5-4 into your notes• P.168• The totalitarianism of the USSR and Nazi

Germany were attempts to hold off and reject the beliefs and values of liberalism: the individual and the principle of limited government.

Summary • Answered the question, What are the main

characteristics of authoritarian regimes?• Share common rejections of fundamental principles of

liberal democracy.• Differ widely in their structure, foundation and goals.• Executive power varies (single leader or dispersed)• Can be based on long standing traditions, violent

overthrow or abuse of executive power by elected officials

• Objectives can be varied --- want to help improve lives, seek wealth and power.

The Lure of Authoritarianism

• Regimes have been directly responsible for the systematic suppression of human rights, and countless deaths.

• Radical: Soviet Union where the desire is a move to the left ( classless society )

• Reactionary: Fascism and Nazi Germany where the change is a move towards an idealized past.

Why might a population favor dictatorship over liberal democracy? SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT!

• Hitler and Stalin ordered the atrocities.• Carried out by legions of followers• Willing to turn on fellow human beings• “Good old days” • Arguable---

– Threat to liberal democracy is not that people will loose their freedom by force.

– Willingly surrender their rights and freedoms to the individual or group that promises hope, security, or the glory of empire in return for obedience.

Both the Communist Party and the Nazi Party demanded:

• Support for the party (local, regional and national level)

• Controlled participation (forced into or excluded from youth, professional, cultural or athletic groups)

• Absolute loyalty to the leader and state ideology (secret police, terror, indoctrination via education and censorship of media used to achieve this)

The Rise of Communism

•Found supporters --- –Rural peasants–Urban industrial workers–Students–Noted academics

• Movements and political parties have developed on every major continent, and continued to exist today.

• 1980s over 1/3 of worlds population lived under some form of communism.

Marxist Theory Pg. 136-137

• Review if you do not remember!• Marxism ---

– Modified to suit economic circumstances & culture compositions of nations.

• Marxist Gov. ---– Grounded in basic principles – Implemented to different degrees

Key Principles of Communist

Ideology

CollectivismAll individual are workers who labour together for the good of the group. The state provides everyone with the necessities of life

Evolution & Dictatorship of the ProletariatBourgeoisie governments are to be overthrown.A workers’ dictatorship will govern until communism is fully established and the state “withers away”.

EgalitarianismAll people, regardless of race, national origin, or gender, should be treated equally.

InternationalismNationalism is largely irrelevant. Regardless of their nationality, most of the world’s people are workers. The true enemies are not other national groups, but the capitalists who exploit the workers in all nations.

Public EnterprisePrivate ownership of the means of production should be eliminated. The state, representing the working class, should own all the industry and land.

HANDOUT

Key Principles of Communist Ideology

Evolution & Dictatorship of the ProletariatBourgeoisie governments are to be overthrown.A workers’ dictatorship will govern until communism is fully established and the state “withers away”.

EgalitarianismAll people, regardless of race, national origin, or gender, should be treated equally.

InternationalismNationalism is largely irrelevant. Regardless of their nationality, most of the world’s people are workers. The true enemies are not other national groups, but the capitalists who exploit the workers in all nations.

Public EnterprisePrivate ownership of the means of production should be eliminated. The state, representing the working class, should own all the industry and land.

CollectivismAll individual are workers who labour together for the good of the group. The state provides everyone with the necessities of life

Twentieth-Century rejection of Liberalism

•Bloody Sunday( 1905) was an incident in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard.

•The march was organized, to create workers' organizations who had suffered from the great social inequalities of a laissez-faire capitalist system. (classical Liberalism)

•A petition asked for recognition of basic human rights such as freedom, the press, religion, improved working conditions, fairer wages and an 8 hour work day.

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

The Russian Revolution• A reaction to the injustices of the authoritarian Czarist

regime and uncontrolled free-market capitalism (classical Liberalism)

• Figure 5-5• How does this painting depict Russian society not

meeting it citizens needs?• Painting: cold, weary and poverty stricken.• All their possessions • Solitude and destitution• Isolation and abandonment

Rasputin

Ineffectual reforms

• Pages 168-171• Make your own notes

Factors that led to theCommunist revolution

in 1917.

Factors that led to theCommunist revolution

in 1917.

The weaknessof Tsar Nicholas II

The Worker is robbed and plundered by the capitalist

The discontent of the workers

Opposition of the

Communists

All citizens were

deprived of political rights

Russian failures in the First World War

The FebruaryRevolution 1917

Lenin: A Portrait of a Revolutionary

•** “What Marx’s put into words Lenin put into action”

•Marxism is a philosophy—Leninism is Marxism applied to the government in Russia

•1.Leadership:a small professional revolutionary elite—lead the proletariat

•2.Organization—centrally directed•3”No compromise between capitalism and communism”

Lenin• 4.A Revolution—by force; overthrow the bourgeoisie• 5. A class struggle—destroy the capitalist class and

Classical Liberalism• Called for an overthrow of the bourgeoisie• The Bolsheviks ( communists ) sought to destroy the

class-based system, rejected classical liberal economic principles and wanted to provide better working conditions.

REVOLUTION

“PEACE, LAND & BREAD”

October Revolution 1917

• Took the government by force• The majority of the peasants supported Lenin

because he promised economic reform ( from classical liberalism) and promised to bring their sons home from World War 1 .

Understanding Propaganda

• Examine fig. 5-11 and 5-12• Describe the principles of

liberalism being rejected.

Communism in the Soviet Union

How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens ?

Figure 5-14 p.180

• Draw the theoretical organization of a communist society into your notes

http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/

Refer to the site below: “The Commissar Vanishes” and read through the examples of Soviet propaganda. Note at least 6 examples of where the Soviets changed history and the facts. Example” By the 1930s Communist "truth" circulates worldwide in party approved books. With airbrush or ink spot, the photo censors work quietly”.

Civil war 1918-21• Red vs the White Russians• The western Powers ( USA, France & Great Britain)

came to the aid of the White Russians• Allies wanted: Russia back in WWI• Wanted to protect their economic investments in

Russia ( capitalism)• Wanted to check the spread of Communism• By 1920-21 the Whites had been defeated

The New Economic Policy (NEP)• Designed as a temporary measure• Deviation from traditional Communism• Limited private enterprise (Liberalism)• All banks, heavy industry and mines were under

government ownership (collectivism)• Peasants could sell their produce openly in the

market place ( Liberalism)• Under this system of a mixed economy the Soviet

Union slowly recovered

NEP

STALIN

1917 Communist Russia was industrially backwards---agrarian, few industries. The I.R did not arrive. In 50 yrs. --- military and technological superiority and the launch of sputnik.Industrial superpower in a 1/3 of the time of it had take liberal democracies

Structure of Soviet Government

Stalin: The Five-year Plans Collectivization

• NEP and capitalism would now be destroyed (Rejecting Liberalism)

• The Bolsheviks were concerned that even small-scale private production would encourage capitalism and liberal values

Impact on Agriculture• Government control of

agriculture: land taken from private owners.

• Collectives: large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group

• State set prices and access to supplies

• Peasants who did not want to give up their land resisted the collectives.

“Love Your Motherland”

Resistance and Resentment

• Stalin blamed kulaks, wealthy farmers, for resistance – killed or sent to labor camps

• Peasants rebelled by growing only enough food for themselves.

• From 1929-30 the number of peasants on collectives increased from 5 million to 70 million.

"We farmers, on the basis of complete collectivization, will liquidate the kulaks as a class."

The Ukraine Famine

In the Ukraine Stalin used the famine as a weapon to eliminate Ukraine Nationalism.Stalin’s persecution of the people of the Ukraine was rejection of liberalism because their rights were being sacrificed for the massive industrialization of the USSR.

Collectivization

Five-Year Plans

• Stalin imposed control over the economy.

• Goals of five-year plans

– Build heavy industry– Improve

transportation– Increase farm output

• Command economy: government officials make all basic economic decisions

Joseph Stalin

Five Year Plans

Problems With 5-year Plan

• Widespread shortages of consumer goods (due to unrealistic production targets).

• Deportation of kulak households (5 million people).• Disastrous disruption of agricultural productivity.• Catastrophic famine in 1932-33 (Ukraine)• Prices system did not function to signal the shortage.

…Human costs were incalculable• No regard for human life ( individualism)

The Great Purge, Show Trials and the Terror In 1935, Stalin launched a purge of the Party, aimed at expelling unreliable members. Millions were expelled from the party and sent to labour camps. In 1936 the Show Trials began, where important Party members were put on public trial, found guilty and executed. No rights and freedoms. In 1937 the armed forced were also purged .

PERSONALITY CULT

Stalin Explains Communism

• Read p.184• Answer question 1

and 2

Controlling the Population through Propaganda

• P. 185-86• Notes• “bring the art into the masses”

Children will create the new Soviet Society

When Freedom Fails• Series of defeats in WWI• Frustrations with establishing

democratic Gov.• Drove Russians to communism• Similar factors lead European nations

to accept dictatorial rule based on fascism

Origins of Fascism

• Fascism was born in post-WWI Italy• Economic problems & social unrest• T of V territorial claims ignored• Italian war vets formed the Fascist Party under Benito Mussolini• Promoted nationalism, militaries and imperialism• Hoped to return Italy to a state of grandeur– Roman Empire

(traditionalism, glorious past)

• Anti-communist stance• Occasionally communists & Socialist took over factories to

stage protest• Fear of communist revolution• Mussolini & Blackshirts staged a bloodless coup in1922

(bloodless coup)• Took the title II Deuce (the leader)• Banned rival political movements• Restricted personal rights & freedoms – prevent revolution• Mussolini admired by Adolf Hitler

Fascism what it opposed

No class consciousness anti-anarchistanti-communist anti-conservativeanti-democratic anti-individualistanti-liberal anti-parliamentaryanti-bourgeois anti-proletarian.

It entails a distinctive type of anti-capitalism. It rejects egalitarianism, materialism, and rationalism in favour of action, discipline, hierarchy, spirit and will.

Fascism in the Extreme: Naziism

• Naziism is a form of fascism – Racism and anti-Semitism– derived

Fascism in Nazi Germany

• P. 186• Draw the pie graph on the coloured paper

provided and label each section.• 20th century History: Hitler’s rise to power.

The Rise of totalitarianism in Germany

• 1919: Germany would be a republic with a modern liberal democratic political structure.

• Universal suffrage• Called the Weimar Republic• 15 years later Germany would be a totalitarian

state.