chapter 5 characterization of particulate matter 5.0...
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Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
94
5.0 INTRODUCTION
In coal mining area particulate matter (PM) is the dominant pollutant. These
have several environmental effects and plays an significant role in modifying or
changing climate, hydrological cycles, chemistry of the atmosphere, biogeochemical
cycles, visibility reduction, affecting radiation balance, modifying cloud property and
causing health related problems (Griffin et al., 2007; Carbo et al., 2005; Markaki et
al., 2003; Pillai et al., 2002; Vedal, 1997; Schwartz et al., 1996; Mamane and
Gottlieb, 1992)
In order to establish strategies to control particulate pollution, it is essential to
characterize the atmospheric particulate matter, physically, chemically and
morphologically (Sharma and Srinivas, 2009; Carmichael and Zhang, 1996; Kaneyasu
et al., 1995). It comprises of variety of substances like inorganic and organic carbon
(containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), acidic or neutral sulphates and
nitrates, fine soil dust, residues of lead and other toxic trace elements, asbestos and
other fibers. Hence, characterization of particulate matter is very important step to
know its environmental impact, which indicates its behavior.
5.1 METHODOLOGY
In the present chapter two approaches has been adopted to characterize PM
viz., physical and chemical characterization. Physical characterization of PM samples
were conducted using particle size analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy
coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, whereas chemical characterization was
done by using X-Ray Diffractogram analysis, Trace Elements Analysis and Fourier
Transform Infra Red spectroscopy. The detailed methodology for physical and
chemical characterization of PM, measuring instrument and analysis are presented in
Table 5.1.
5.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.2.1 Particle size analysis
Particle size is considered the most important parameter in characterizing the
physical behavior of PM, as it affects the removal processes, atmospheric residence
time and contribution of light scattering to visibility degradation. Particle size is
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
95
typically defined in terms of its diameter. Although liquid aerosol particles are nearly
always spherical but solid particles are always irregular in shape (Seinfeld, 1986).
Table 5.1: Methodologies and Measuring Instruments for PM Characterization
Physical characterization
Particle Size Analyzer
Particle is analyzed for size and
shape, The particle size
distribution profiles were studied
in terms of arithmetic mean
diameter and % volume. This was
done by using Particle size
analyzer, Malvern, UK; Nano ZS
in the Central Instrumentation
Facility, BIT-MESRA, Ranchi.
Vaccum Coating Chamber
Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
The characterization of particles
in PM samples were performed
using electro scanning
microscopy (SEM, JEOL Model
JSM-6390LV,Japan) coupled
with energy dispersive
spectrometer (EDS, JEOL Model
DCL-7376, England) in the
Central Instrumentation Facility,
BIT-MESRA, Ranchi. The
samples (dry filter papers) were
randomly cut in 1 mm2 size out of
the main filter (Xie et al., 2005).
A very thin film of gold was
deposited on the surface of the
samples to make them electrically
conductive using vacuum coating.
This extremely fine coating was
done through the evaporation of
gold plate under inert atmosphere
(argon environment). These
samples were mounted on
electron microprobe stubs.
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
96
Chemical Characterization
X-Ray diffractometer
X-ray diffraction patterns of different dust
samples was taken at the room temperature
in a wide range of Bragg angle 2θ (15°≤ 2θ
≤100°) with scanning speed of 1o per minute
using Rigaku X-Ray diffractometer
(Miniflex, Japan) in the Department of
Instrumentation Science, Jadavpur
University, Kolkata, India. The operating
condition involved the use of CuKα radiation
at 34 KV 24 mA and Ni Filter
AAS coupled with Graphite furnace,
Hydride generator and Computer
data station
Trace element analysis was performed in
Department of Environmental Science and
Engineering, ISM. After gravimetric analysis
of EPM 2000 filter papers, a known portion
of the exposed filter paper (1/4) sample is
digested with 2:1(v/v) HNO3/HClO4 mixture
in the fume hood chamber extracted for trace
metals (APHA, 1977). Samples were directly
introduced into the frame of continuous
aspiration through polyethylene tubing and
the concentration of the object element (µg
ml- 1
) was obtained from the calibration plot.
FTIR Analyzer
FTIR, Model Shimadzu Corp, Japan I-
Prestige 21 was used in the Central
Instrumentation Facility, BIT-MESRA,
Ranchi. 1 gm of sample was weighed and
dried in an oven at 110oC for half an hour.
Then 100 mg of KBr was grounded and
converted to fine powder. 3mg of sample
was taken to make a pellet at 7.5 tones/cm3
pressure.
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
97
The variation in particle size and their percentage contribution at various locations of
the study area is shown in Table 5.2. This table depict their particle size varies from
52.50 nm to 598 nm.
5.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS)
Analysis
In the present study morphology (shape and sizes) and chemical composition
of airborne particles (PM) have been evaluated by SEM-EDS techniques. SEM is a
method for high resolution surface imaging. It uses an electron beam for surface
imaging. This helps to understand the differences in morphology, elemental
composition of the airborne dust samples. This gives a better insight about the origin
of the particles that whether emitted from natural or anthropogenic [Coal mining area,
industrial activities and vehicular pollution (internal combustion engines)] processes
(Bernabe et al., 2005; Conner and Williams, 2004; Conner et al., 2001; Oberdorster,
2001; Pope, 2000; Petrovic et al., 2000; Esbert et al., 1996).
Elemental composition and distribution at selected locations were analyzed
and shown in Tables 5.3. The soot, carbonaceous particles, minerals, aluminosilicates,
quartz and fly ash were observed at several locations viz., A22(Chasnala), A1(ISM-
Main Gate), A17(Bastacola), A11(Katras), A1(Steel Gate), A4(Court More), A3(Bus
Stand) which mainly originated from rock drilling in coal mining and mine fire
(stations A7, A9, A10, A17 etc.) vehicular, re-suspension of soil dust on road [A1-
SteelGate, A2-ISM(Main Gate), A22-Chasnala and A15-Mohua more], burning of
diesel, oil and coal at roadside (A25-Madhuband, A26-Lohapatti) vegetative burning
and soil dust at semirural site respectively.
In this study the aluminosilcates are characterized by high contents of Si and
Al with varying Mg, K, Fe, S and Co. These types of particles containing
predominantly silicon are classified as silica (e.g., quartz) which originate from soil
and crust (Cong et al., 2010). Alumino silicates usually include kaolinite, illite,
montmonillonite, and feldspar, which are typical terrigeneous minerals. The
consistent occurrence of Fe/Cu signals with Al/Si/O signals implies that the particles
may have originated from the weathering of a unique form of the local geological
materials (Chong et al., 2002).
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
98
Table 5.2: Particle size distribution of Dust Samples (PM10) at various locations
Sampling Locations Station Codes Diameter (nm) Volume (%)
Steel Gate A1
181.4 90.0
60.0 10.0
ISM-Main gate A2
389.5 89.0
56.0 11.0
Bus Stand A3
211.6 91.2
61.0 9.8
Court more A4
220.8 91.4
58.0 8.6
Railway Station A5
363.2 90.5
65.70 9.5
Bank more A6
89.2 87.0
113.6 13.0
Kusunda A7
572.4 92.0
87.0 8.0
East Bassuriya A8
577.5 90.7
112.2 9.3
Tetulmari A9
363.2 97.7
66.6 2.3
Sijua A10
311.6 93.3
80.0 6.7
Katras A11
397.1 98.7
64.72 1.3
Muraidih A12
202.7 98.2
59.0 1.8
Baghmara A13
362.5 98.4
66.7 1.6
Kharkharee A14
438.1 98.9
64.0 1.1
Mohua A15
145.9 86.0
56.0 14.0
Murulidih A16
163.6 92.4
63.44 7.6
Bastacola A17
423.5 90.5
116.6 9.5
Jamadoba A18
377.1 90.9
120.3 9.1
Tisra A19
472.1 95.7
113.6 4.3
Barari A20
392.1 97.3
56.0 2.7
Sudamdih A21
175.8 96.6
52.5 3.4
Chasnala A22
597.9 95.7
60.7 4.3
BIT-Sindri A23
341.2 98.2
143.3 1.8
ISM-Campus A24
351.3 97.7
155.5 2.3
Madhuband A25
189.5 92.6
87.5 7.4
Lohapatti A26
180.2 92.4
126.6 7.6
Bhatdih A27
340.6 90.5
143.5 9.5
Singra A28
378.4 98.6
156.8 1.4
Jarma A29
395.4 97.2
166.7 2.8
Lodna A30
355.6 93.5
87.5 6.5
Patherdih A31
189.4 95.4
56.7 4.6
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
99
Table 5.3: Elements in Dust Samples (PM10) Investigated by SEM/EDS
Station code Identified Elements by SEM/EDS
A2 (ISM-Main Gate) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Cl,K,Cu,Zn,Mg,Na,Zr,Fe and Ti
A6(Bank More) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Cl,K,Cu,Zn,Mg,Na,Zr,Fe and Ti
A7 (Kusunda) C,O,Cl,Ca,Mg,Ti,Fe,Al,Zr andK
A9 (Tetulmari) C,O,Cl,K,Cu,Zn andBr
A13 (Baghmara) C,O,Cl,Ca, Ti,Fe,K,S and Mg
A15(Mohuda- more) C,O,Al,Cl,K,Si,S,F,Fe and Mg
A18 (Jamadoba) C,O,Cl,Zn,Cu,Br,Si,F and K
A23 (BIT- Sindri) C,O,Al,Ca,Si,S,Na,Zn,Fe,Ba and Zr
A25 (Madhuband) C,O,Cl,Al,Ca,Zn,Si,S,Zr,Zn,Ba and K
A31 (Patherdih) C,O,Cl,Al,Na,K,Ca,Si,S,Fe,Zn and Zr
Elemental composition of the particles reveals the presence of many elements
viz., Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca and C in appreciable quantity. The occurrence of these elements
point out towards the presence of sources other than natural. These sources could be
vehicular, industrial and the thermal power plants in the vicinity of sampling site
(Srivastava and Jain, 2007; Mehra et al., 1998; Venugopal and Luckey, 1978). The
sources of TiO2 may be from used paints, papers, and plastics (Reimann and Caritat,
1998).
The SEM-EDS spectra of various elements at selected locations are depicted
in Figures 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. EDS spectra of the PM indicates concentration trend of
elements. This indicates C, O and Si in maximum concentration followed by Fe, Al,
Ca, Mg, K and Cl. The high carbon content shows that the carbon is dominant due to
the presence of tar balls particles. The spherical, amorphous and typically non
aggregated particles are distinct of carbonaceous particles type dominated by carbon
with traces of S and K. This is supported by the report of Pipal et al., 2011; Posfai et
al., 2004. While, locations close to coal mining area viz., A9 (Tetulmari), A10 (Sijua),
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
100
A17 (Bastacola), A25 (Madhuband), A26 (Lohapatti) represented maximum Carbon
(C) concentration, reveals dominance of coal dust from coal mines as shown by
spherical particles [Figure 5.4 (a) and (b)] in SEM analysis, while locations away
from coal mines like A1 (Steel Gate), A2 (ISM-Main Gate), A3 (Bus Stand), A4
(Court More) were having irregular shaped particles [Figure 5.5 (a), (b) and (c)] due
to combustion, as particles get highly irregular in shape (Li et al., 2010). The next
dominant elements were Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca and K revealing their origin from soil,
crustal dust and some anthropogenic activities. Si associated with Al, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe
and K illustrated the presence of mineral, clay and feldspar particles (Shao et al.,
2007).
The composition of these type particles is mainly aluminosilcates, iron and/or
calcium and it mainly consists of inorganic constituents. At all the locations presence
of Cl has also recorded which, might have arise from, manufacturing batteries and
insecticides contributing to the ambient chloride (Srivastava et al., 2009).
5.2.3 X- Ray Diffraction Analysis
Various crystalline phases were identified by using ASTM cards. The ASTM
card number which was used for mineral identification is shown below:
Minerals ASTM Card No. Minerals ASTM Card No.
Quartz (SiO2 46-1045, BaSO4, 24-1035
Dolomite
[CaMg(CO3)2]
36-0426 MnCrO4, 33-0893
Gypsum (CaSO4), 21-0816 CuSO4, 22-0072
CoSO4, 15-0701 FeSO4 11-0646
NiS2, 11-0099 As2O3, 12-0016
KMn2(CrO4)OH, 45-0270 NiS 02-1280
ZnAsO 01-0777
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
101
Figure 5.1: Scanning electron micrographs and EDS spectrum of Dust Samples
at A2 (ISM Main Gate), A6 (Bank More), A9 (Tetulmari) and A15 (Mohuda-
more)
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
102
Figure 5.2: Scanning electron micrographs and EDS spectrum of Dust Samples
at A7 (Kusunda), A13 (Baghmara), A18 (Jamadoba) and A23 (BIT-Sindri)
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Cou
nts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
103
Figure 5.3: Scanning electron micrographs and EDS spectrum of Dust Samples
at A25 (Madhuband) and A31 (Patherdih)
(a) (b)
Figure 5.4: Scanning Electron Micrographs of Soot Particle (a) and (b)
Co
un
ts
Co
un
ts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
104
Figure 5.5: Scanning Electron Micrographs of Irregular Shaped Particle (a), (b)
and (c)
The sharp and single peaks of the XRD pattern suggested the formation of single-
phase compound. Diffraction pattern of some of the samples are given in Figures 5.6
to 5.15.
Figure 5.6: XRD of dust sample at location A2 (ISM-Main Gate)
a b c
% C
ou
nts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
105
Figure 5.7: XRD of dust sample at location A6 (Bank More)
Figure 5.8: XRD of dust sample at location A7 (Kusunda)
% C
ou
nts
%
Co
un
ts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
106
Figure 5.9: XRD of dust sample at location A9 (Tetulmari)
Figure 5.10: XRD of dust sample at location A13 (Baghmara)
% C
ou
nts
%
Co
un
ts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
107
Figure 5.11: XRD of dust sample at location A15 (Mohuda-More)
Figure 5.12: XRD of dust sample at location A18 (Jamadoba)
% C
ou
nts
%
Co
un
ts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
108
Figure 5.13: XRD of dust sample at location A23 (BIT-Sindri)
Figure 5.14: XRD of dust sample at location A25 (Madhuband)
% C
ou
nts
% C
ou
nts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
109
Figure 5.15: XRD of dust sample at location A31 (Patherdih)
Results of XRD analysis reflects Quartz (SiO2), Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Dolomite
[CaMg (CO3)2] and traces of As2O3.SO3, CuSO4, NiS2, FeSO4, BaSO4 in most of the
locations. The presence of quartz (SiO2) and dolomite CaMg (CO3)2 occurring
uniformly over the entire study area shows that regional dust is also a significant
contributor to overall dust in the study area (Merefield et al., 1994). Compounds at
each of the ten selected stations are given in Table 5.4.
Table 5.4: Identified Minerals in X-Ray Diffractogram
Station Code Minerals
ISM-MG(A2) SiO2,CuSO4,CaSO4,MnCrO4, KMn2(CrO4)OH
Bank more (A6) SiO2,MnCrO4,CaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,BaSO4,NiS2
Kusunda(A7) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,NiS2,CaMg(CO3)2
Tetulmari (A9) SiO2, As2O3.SO3, BaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,KMn2(CrO4).OH
Baghmara(A13) SiO2,ZnAsO, CaSO4, KMn2(CrO4).OH, NiS2
Mohuda More(A15) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,CaSO4,NiS2, CoSO4,
Jamadoba(A18) SiO2, ZnSO4,CaSO4,CoSO4,As2O3.SO3,NiS2
BIT-Sindri(A23) SiO2,CaSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,BaSO4, KMn2(CrO4)
Madhuband(A25) SiO2,CaSO4,CoSO4,CaMg(CO3)2,ZnAsO,BaSO4, KMn2(CrO4),NiS2
Patherdih(A31) SiO2,CaSO4,BaSO4,NiS2,CaMg(CO3)2
% C
ou
nts
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
110
The group of Ca rich particles (1.76% relative abundance) indicates the
presence of calcium carbonate particles related to the calcite phase (CaCO3). These
particles can be related to regional transport from the urban zones, originated from
processes of building, construction, demolition, agriculture and natural dust and
vegetative burning (Ramos et al., 2009). Quartz is as an important constituent of many
rock types and it is almost ubiquitous of land areas. These particles are originating
from coal combustion (Xie et al., 2004).
5.2.4 Trace Elements Analysis
Trace element pollutants in PM10 may be natural or anthropogenic. Several
trace elements (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co) are considered to essential for life. Trace
elements analysis of dust samples (PM10) at various locations during different seasons
viz., winter, summer, monsoon and post monsoon were done and shown in Tables 5.5
to 5.8, respectively. The data obtained for different trace elements for different
seasons are shown in Figures 5.16 to 5.23 for Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd and Cr,
respectively. Only Pb, Ni, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd and Cr have been observed at significant
concentration levels whereas As (Arsenic) registered below detectable limit (i.e.,
0.005ppb).
Trace elements concentration as observed is discussed below:
Pb (Lead): Season wise Pb concentration varies from 0.0002 µg/m3 to 0.84 µg/m
3.
Maximum Lead (Pb) concentration was recorded at A6 (Bank More) followed by A3
(Bus Stand), i.e., 0.84 µg/m3 and 0.82 µg/m
3 during winter (Figure 5.16). These High
Pb concentrations may be due to higher emissions from vehicular exhausts as well as
allied activities. This does not rule out the case of adulteration of fuel for automobiles
in the industrial belt.
Ni (Nickel): Seasonal variation of the Ni concentration varies from 0.0002 µg/m3 to
0.04µg/m3. Location A2(ISM-Main Gate), A3 (Bus Stand), A5 (Railway Station), A6
(Bank More) and A11 (Katras) are representing higher concentration during summer
season (Figure 5.17). As these locations are receiving higher pollution load from
traffic exhaust, wearing and tearing of vehicular engines parts for a longer period of
time responsible for its higher concentration during particular season. Again the
concentration becomes higher during post- monsoon, this is due to drying of air which
make dust to become airborne, in comparison to other season like monsoon where the
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
111
PM (originates from dust) get settle down, hence reduction in PM concentration leads
to less presence of these elements in air.
Copper (Cu): Cu concentration varies from 0.098µg/m3 to 6.89µg/m
3 at various
locations of the study area during different season. The higher concentration of Cu
was depicted at location Bank More (A6) in all the seasons as shown in Figure 5.18.
Apart from this, A17 (Bastacola), A22 (Chasnala), A25 (Madhuband), A30 (Lodna)
and A31 (Patherdih) were also recorded higher concentration. This originates from
wearing of brake pads of road vehicles due to forced deceleration (Hulskotte et al.,
2006).
Manganese (Mn): Season wise Mn concentration varies from 0.001 µg/m3 to
2.46µg/m3 at all the locations. Location A17 followed by A13 registered higher Mn
concentration during all the season. viz., 2.46 µg/m3 and 2.34 µg/m
3 during winter,
1.56 µg/m3 and 1.34 µg/m
3 during summer, 1.12 µg/m
3 and 1.01 µg/m
3 during
monsoon and 1.64 µg/m3 and 1.61 µg/m
3 during post monsoon respectively (Figure
5.19). Higher Mn at Baghmara (A13), Bastacola (A17) and Chasnala (A22) is due to
crustal dust, which includes the suspension of road dusts by vehicles and wind erosion
and the suspension of soils, particularly in agricultural, construction and quarrying
activities.
Iron (Fe): As depicted from Figure 5.20, Fe concentration varies from 0.234 µg/m3 to
34.21µg/m3 during various seasons. Location Bank More (A6) recorded higher
concentration 34.21 µg/m3, 32.16 µg/m
3, 26.00 µg/m
3 and 32.45 µg/m
3 during winter,
summer, monsoon and post monsoon, respectively. This is due to the use of iron in
brake lining which leads to its emission in ambient air (Hulskotte et al., 2006).
Zinc (Zn): As depicted from Figure 5.21 Zn concentration varies from 0.11 µg/m3 to
2.45µg/m3 at various location of the study area during different season. Location A11
(Katras) recorded higher concentration i.e., 2.45 µg/m3 in winter, 2.34 µg/m
3 in
summer and 2.41 µg/m3 in post monsoon. Similarly, A6 (Bank More) and A7
(Kusunda) are also receiving higher concentration. As these locations are receiving
higher pollution load from traffic junction and receiving higher concentration due to
tracer of tire wear particles (Birmili et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006).
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
112
Table 5.5: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Winter Season in µg/m3
Location Code Pb Ni Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Cr
Steel Gate A1 0.81±0.209 0.021±0.01 2.458±0.216 0.345±0.062 6.00±0.075 0.294±0.060 0.07±0.013 0.282±0.086
ISM-Main Gate A2 0.83±0.090 0.029±0.006 2.486±0.474 0.356±0.090 6.12±0.106 0.199±0.010 0.052±0.01 0.252±0.019
Bus Stand A3 0.68±0.125 0.021±0.01 2.500±0.119 0.377±0.0290 5.99±0.190 0.244±0.010 0.0571±0.02 0.243±0.08
Court More A4 0.78±0.181 0.012±0.002 2.510±0.133 0.398±0.043 5.98±0.090 0.255±0.039 0.067±0.03 0.249±0.10
Railway Station A5 0.68±0.078 0.011±0.005 2.66±0.224 0.178±0.008 1.240±0.125 0.249±0.044 0.037±0.02 0.29±0.027
Bank More A6 0.84±0.182 0.029±0.002 6.89±0.338 0.634±0.032 34.21±1.146 1.471±0.117 0.071±0.009 0.239±0.051
Kusunda A7 0.37±0.057 0.031±0.009 2.867±0.458 0.345±0.132 4.22±0.120 2.323±0.184 0.081±0.036 0.477±0.092
East Bassuriya A8 0.08±0.019 0.004±0.002 1.400±0.331 0.456±0.053 19.23±0.797 0.432±0.247 0.084±0.044 0.425±0.012
Tetulmari A9 0.23±0.101 0.007±0.003 2.65±0.005 0.423±0.129 2.23±0.163 0.681±0.024 0.049±0.017 0.425±0.07
Sijua A10 0.12±0.021 0.001±0.001 2.00±0.011 1.34±0.137 7.23±0.339 0.376±0.046 0.086±0.031 0.437±0.013
Katras A11 0.74±0.016 0.01±0.019 2.34±0.086 0.334±0.024 2.34±0.093 2.429±0.442 0.064±0.006 0.32±0.09
Muraidih A12 0.13±0.016 0.003±0.002 2.45±0.089 0.178±0.037 3.34±0.093 0.618±0.021 0.062±0.02 0.390±0.048
Baghmara A13 0.24±0.058 0.003±0.002 1.229±0.118 2.341±0.065 18.34±0.150 1.011±0.239 0.062±0.011 0.390±0.021
Kharkharee A14 0.08±0.011 0.005±0.001 0.922±0.307 0.989±0.087 4.33±0.189 0.176±0.040 0.055±0.01 0.395±0.137
Mohuda A15 0.45±0.035 0.004±0.002 1.100±0.260 0.345±0.036 20.12±0.637 0.641±0.047 0.057±0.011 0.223±0.024
Murulidih A16 0.06±0.019 0.001±0.002 0.72±0.170 1.23±0.020 1.34±0.044 0.487±0.038 0.052±0.011 0.37±0.124
Bastacola A17 0.27±0.007 0.005±0.002 2.44±0.427 2.456±0.071 29.02±0.281 1.745±0.278 0.049±0.016 0.445±0.024
Jamadoba A18 0.11±0.004 0.003±0.002 0.98±0.041 0.922±0.017 13.45±0.098 0.569±0.020 0.082±0.039 0.439±0.014
Tisra A19 0.13±0.020 0.0005±0.002 1.544±0.347 0.093±0.010 7.33±0.108 0.452±0.029 0.044±0.009 0.210±0.095
Barari A20 0.004±0.001 0.0003±0.001 1.533±0.534 0.067±0.030 5.34±0.183 0.339±0.057 0.052±0.015 0.340±0.004
Sudamdih A21 0.18±0.007 0.004±0.001 1.678±0.299 0.077±0.008 5.21±0.290 0.499±0.042 0.0862±0.003 0.128±0.031
Chasnala A22 0.22±0.042 0.006±0.002 2.55±0.280 1.532±0.067 2.23±0.214 0.620±0.112 0.045±0.018 0.56±0.004
BIT-Sindri A23 0.009±0.002 0.002±0.002 1.6±0.076 0.344±0.013 11.34±0.715 0.193±0.099 0.038±0.022 0.312±0.023
ISM Campus A24 0.005±0.001 0.003±0.001 1.2±0.313 0.451±0.005 5.23±0.248 0.241±0.037 0.033±0.014 0.17±0.018
Madhuband A25 0.31±0.030 0.008±0.003 2.53±0.232 1.29±0.021 17.00±0.131 0.191±0.018 0.079±0.031 0.495±0.022
Lohapatti A26 0.32±0.026 0.005±0.001 1.544±0.283 1.24±0.032 14.89±0.143 0.198±0.026 0.0852±0.04 0.485±0.012
Bhatdih A27 0.03±0.010 0.021±0.016 1.467±0.283 0.994±0.031 12.11±0.154 0.192±0.054 0.049±0.008 0.078±0.039
Singra A28 0.09±0.040 0.007±0.003 1.911±0.392 0.235±0.017 12.20±0.127 0.187±0.011 0.047±0.011 0.19±0.014
Jarma A29 0.06±0.014 0.006±0.001 1.689±0.220 0.564±0.011 11.78±0.116 0.623±0.053 0.042±0.021 0.37±0.042
Lodna A30 0.18±0.021 0.004±0.002 2.881±0.093 0.223±0.012 4.98±0.343 0.654±0.080 0.091±0.015 0.45±0.024
Patherdih A31 0.26±0.036 0.003±0.001 2.43±0.167 0.872±0.023 4.88±0.205 0.458±0.074 0.093±0.013 0.40±0.068
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
113
Table 5.6: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Summer Season in µg/m3
Location Code Pb Ni Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Cr
Steel Gate A1 0.256±.002 0.011±.004 2.14±0.18 0.135±0.23 5.92±0.034 0.311±0.23 0.052±0.06 0.28±0.044
ISM-Main Gate A2 0.360±.005 0.047±.036 2.29±0.19 0.126±0.12 5.71±0.045 0.201±0.22 0.014±0.05 0.247±0.03
Bus Stand A3 0.427±.006 0.034±.010 2.31±0.05 0.159±0.13 5.91±0.033 0.255±0.34 0.043±0.07 0.239±0.54
Court More A4 0.234±.010 0.005±.001 2.41±0.10 0.161±0.24 5.67±0.22 0.265±0.12 0.052±0.12 0.245±0.06
Railway Station A5 0.283±.009 0.013±.002 2.31±0.03 0.009±0.17 0.953±0.23 0.223±0.16 0.029±0.16 0.264±0.04
Bank More A6 0.320±.020 0.032±.002 6.12±0.01 0.414±0.15 32.16±0.22 1.427±0.39 0.070±0.17 0.235±0.03
Kusunda A7 0.400±.002 0.039±.003 2.12±0.21 0.121±0.10 3.12±0.34 2.364±0.10 0.081±0.18 0.521±0.22
East Bassuriya A8 0.048±.002 0.005±.001 0.386±0.08 0.246±0.22 18.25±0.12 0.459±0.09 0.083±0.22 0.416±0.24
Tetulmari A9 0.127±.002 0.009±.004 2.43±0.06 0.049±0.21 1.12±0.15 0.689±0.04 0.048±0.24 0.315±0.33
Sijua A10 0.090±.003 0.002±.001 1.51±0.11 0.512±0.23 6.64±0.16 0.381±0.03 0.088±0.27 0.426±0.45
Katras A11 0.060±.010 0.012±.004 2.01±0.13 0.116±0.24 1.23±0.14 2.341±0.02 0.065±0.21 0.293±0.44
Muraidih A12 0.057±0.002 0.004±.001 2.10±0.03 0.051±0.04 2.96±0.14 0.631±0.04 0.062±0.34 0.343±0.34
Baghmara A13 0.269±0.020 0.010±0.02 1.00±0.83 1.341±0.05 17.08±0.14 1.021±0.22 0.061±0.44 0.342±0.21
Kharkharee A14 0.057±.001 0.006±.001 0.29±0.05 0.053±0.04 3.01±0.15 0.183±0.31 0.054±0.23 0.374±0.32
Mohuda A15 0.406±.010 0.010±.010 0.33±0.08 0.296±0.02 19.4±0.16 0.662±0.24 0.054±0.12 0.229±0.44
Murulidih A16 0.047±.001 0.0002±.000 0.102±0.15 0.061±0.12 0.762±0.15 0.491±0.26 0.054±0.17 0.272±0.45
Bastacola A17 0.197±.008 0.007±.002 2.14±0.01 1.561±0.23 28.29±0.16 1.629±0.25 0.043±0.18 0.441±0.32
Jamadoba A18 0.070±.002 0.004±.001 0.73±0.25 0.042±0.25 12.06±0.26 0.601±0.28 0.083±0.14 0.423±0.21
Tisra A19 0.167±.010 0.0008±0.001 0.60±0.04 0.078±0.22 6.24±0.25 0.462±0.26 0.048±0.24 0.183±0.23
Barari A20 0.002±.00008 0.0003±.001 0.62±0.07 0.031±0.32 4.21±0.29 0.341±0.21 0.043±0.28 0.284±0.34
Sudamdih A21 0.130±.004 0.006±.001 0.71±0.02 0.042±0.11 4.26±0.21 0.515±0.29 0.086±0.32 0.128±0.33
Chasnala A22 0.140±.010 0.007±.001 2.23±0.13 0.689±0.09 1.112±0.32 0.624±0.27 0.053±0.35 0.487±0.21
BIT-Sindri A23 0.007±.0002 0.003±.002 0.711±0.09 0.128±0.05 10.29±0.24 0.213±0.12 0.032±0.13 0.313±0.39
ISM Campus A24 0.003±.0001 0.004±.001 0.321±0.10 0.135±0.04 4.67±0.13 0.245±0.15 0.036±0.12 0.153±0.05
Madhuband A25 0.239±0.010 0.006±.001 1.95±0.06 0.098±0.07 16.09±0.15 0.193±0.16 0.077±0.17 0.493±0.04
Lohapatti A26 0.279±.006 0.003±.001 0.42±0.01 0.072±0.04 14.15±0.18 0.197±0.15 0.082±0.22 0.483±0.05
Bhatdih A27 0.010±.004 0.020±.021 0.43±0.02 0.065±0.07 11.12±0.26 0.198±0.17 0.043±0.21 0.274±0.04
Singra A28 0.047±.0009 0.009±.002 0.52±0.02 0.125±0.02 11.56±0.03 0.185±0.12 0.044±0.07 0.163±0.05
Jarma A29 0.052±.0007 0.008±.001 0.52±0.03 0.165±0.08 11.25±0.40 0.624±0.11 0.04±0.03 0.284±0.03
Lodna A30 0.138±.002 0.005±.001 2.57±0.15 0.151±0.03 4.12±0.33 0.675±0.09 0.086±0.04 0.445±0.04
Patherdih A31 0.156±.020 0.005±.001 1.86±0.02 0.091±0.04 4.39±0.28 0.461±0.06 0.069±0.05 0.363±0.13
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
114
Table 5.7: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Monsoon Season in µg/m3
Location Code Pb Ni Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Cr
Steel Gate A1 0.056±0.23 0.006±0.02 2.00±0.034 0.123±0.223 3.23±0.33 0.234±0.33 0.029±0.06 0.122±0.24
ISM-Main Gate A2 0.411±0.22 0.002±0.03 1.823±0.033 0.109±0.342 3.00±0.45 0.165±0.53 0.021±0.07 0.132±0.04
Bus Stand A3 0.312±0.21 0.003±0.004 1.922±0.033 0.112±0.022 2.32±0.46 0.232±0.21 0.024±0.02 0.192±0.05
Court More A4 0.100±0.24 0.0002±0.003 2.132±0.023 0.093±0.022 1.99±0.21 0.243±0.13 0.029±0.01 0.171±0.03
Railway Station A5 0.112±0.33 0.0023±0.002 1.78±0.021 0.001±0.033 0.92±0.23 0.232±0.15 0.025±0.05 0.113±0.05
Bank More A6 0.114±0.34 0.004±0.001 5.92±0.044 0.213±0.043 26.00±0.24 1.231±0.18 0.032±0.05 0.239±0.07
Kusunda A7 0.06±0.33 0.003±0.002 1.093±0.023 0.109±0.044 2.98±0.28 1.890±0.13 0.049±0.06 0.239±0.06
East Bassuriya A8 0.032±0.23 0.003±0.002 0.399±0.332 0.213±0.341 11.04±0.24 0.410±0.11 0.047±0.05 0.231±0.05
Tetulmari A9 0.052±0.12 0.002±0.001 1.333±0.033 0.031±0.044 0.92±0.33 0.592±0.14 0.031±0.06 0.215±0.06
Sijua A10 0.080±0.24 0.0002±0.003 0.534±0.045 0.213±0.034 6.01±0.31 0.342±0.11 0.032±0.03 0.231±0.03
Katras A11 0.123±0.31 0.0011±0.005 1.064±0.033 0.102±0.552 0.99±0.24 2.010±0.14 0.021±007 0.161±0.06
Muraidih A12 0.004±0.22 0.0023±0.003 1.453±0.023 0.013±0.0342 2.34±0.33 0.592±0.14 0.024±0.02 0.123±0.62
Baghmara A13 0.007±0.23 0.0034±0.008 0.764±0.023 1.01±0.032 16.67±0.25 0.982±0.15 0.026±0.03 0.162±0.05
Kharkharee A14 0.003±0.21 0.0011±0.004 0.194±0.331 0.021±0.032 2.98±0.26 0.134±0.17 0.021±0.04 0.191±0.05
Mohuda A15 0.032±0.09 0.0021±0.003 0.221±0.044 0.212±0.033 13.23±0.25 0.592±0.19 0.021±0.02 0.175±0.24
Murulidih A16 0.001±0.12 0.0022±0.002 0.098±0.055 0.043±0.043 0.234±0.27 0.412±0.21 0.022±0.03 0.152±0.21
Bastacola A17 0.022±0.22 0.0022±0.002 1.68±0.058 1.12±0.054 20.0±0.33 1.611±0.24 0.022±0.01 0.275±0.14
Jamadoba A18 0.012±0.32 0.0012±0.001 0.233±0.033 0.023±0.044 6.87±0.35 0.543±0.33 0.024±0.07 0.215±0.17
Tisra A19 0.003±0.22 0.0004±0.004 0.349±0.021 0.054±0.045 3.76±0.44 0.422±0.35 0.017±0.04 0.083±0.21
Barari A20 0.001±0.23 0.0002±0.003 0.462±0.033 0.011±0.66 2.12±0.44 0.312±0.11 0.025±0.02 0.162±0.23
Sudamdih A21 0.009±0.12 0.002±0.005 0.522±0.032 0.232±0.56 2.34±0.45 0.423±0.09 0.036±0.04 0.095±0.10
Chasnala A22 0.003±0.14 0.001±0.004 2.00±0.044 0.165±0.34 0.768±0.55 0.578±0.06 0.022±0.04 0.245±0.07
BIT-Sindri A23 0.003±0.34 0.002±0.003 0.651±0045 0.112±0.66 6.782±0.21 0.112±0.03 0.007±0.23 0.165±0.03
ISM Campus A24 0.0002±0.33 0.0034±0.002 0.201±0.034 0.102±0.21 2.882±0.15 0.231±0.03 0.008±0.12 0.073±0.05
Madhuband A25 0.042±0.44 0.00045±0.002 1.4±0.037 0.045±0.23 11.55±0.18 0.165±0.04 0.042±0.14 0.247±0.08
Lohapatti A26 0.093±0.23 0.003±0.001 0.302±0.022 0.046±0.27 10.22±0.19 0.154±0.03 0.038±0.16 0.243±0.05
Bhatdih A27 0.0004±0.22 0.003±0.002 0.267±0.033 0.043±0.21 6.91±0.23 0.167±0.04 0.021±0.12 0.032±0.04
Singra A28 0.007±0.34 0.0034±0.002 0.433±0.021 0.013±0.23 8.56±0.26 0.178±0.08 0.016±0.11 0.053±0.03
Jarma A29 0.007±0.21 0.0032±0.003 0.483±0.110 0.143±0.22 7.88±0.22 0.634±0.03 0.012±0.09 0.082±0.04
Lodna A30 0.003±0.33 0.0031±0.002 2.123±0.221 0.121±0.25 2.33±0.23 0.623±0.02 0.038±0.04 0.247±0.06
Patherdih A31 0.004±0.32 0.006±0.002 1.45±0.331 0.054±0.32 2.65±0.22 0.432±0.07 0.045±0.05 0.193±0.12
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
115
Table 5.8: Trace Elements Concentration Levels in Post Monsoon Season in µg/m3
Location Code Pb Ni Cu Mn Fe Zn Cd Cr
Steel Gate A1 0.680±0.02 0.031±0.02 2.215±0.23 0.213±0.03 5.78±0.32 0.290±0.04 0.061±0.001 0.239±.0002
ISM-Main Gate A2 0.790±0.31 0.038±0.04 2.22±0.31 0.223±0.03 5.67±0.34 0.212±0.03 0.051±0.003 0.218±0.003
Bus Stand A3 0.612±0.33 0.023±0.05 2.27±0.33 0.341±0.02 5.89±024 0.247±006 0.052±0.01 0.226±0.001
Court More A4 0.722±0.26 0.0045±0.002 2.36±0.22 0.214±0.05 5.69±0.21 0.259±0.03 0.051±0.03 0.226±0.005
Railway Station A5 0.512±0.12 0.012±0.01 2.27±0.20 0.104±0.01 1.233±0.11 0.244±0.01 0.036±0.06 0.220±0.001
Bank More A6 0.791±0.11 0.031±0.01 6.317±0.17 0.488±0.04 32.45±0.45 1.395±0.04 0.073±0.23 0.213±0.001
Kusunda A7 0.293±0.13 0.034±0.008 2.15±0.26 0.223±0.04 3.44±0.21 2.197±0.06 0.081±0.12 0.425±0.002
East Bassuriya A8 0.072±0.15 0.003±0.009 0.721±0.29 0.231±0.05 18.98±0.23 2.212±0.27 0.082±0.04 0.367±0.002
Tetulmari A9 0.162±0.11 0.004±0.006 2.185±0.31 0.432±0.03 1.45±0.26 0.455±0.09 0.050±0.05 0.311±0.002
Sijua A10 0.022±0.24 0.004±0.005 1.58±0.28 0.59±0.23 6.23±0.11 0.660±0.23 0.087±0.06 0.376±0.002
Katras A11 0.540±0.28 0.0012±0.004 1.88±0.24 0.234±0.03 1.57±0.23 0.368±0.22 0.064±0.09 0.247±0.004
Muraidih A12 0.090±0.25 0.011±0.006 2.055±0.27 0.321±0.04 3.00±0.21 2.303±0.03 0.063±0.04 0.272±0.001
Baghmara A13 0.421±0.23 0.0032±0.003 0.992±0.04 1.61±0.11 17.45±0.11 0.611±0.11 0.063±0.05 0.394±0.09
Kharkharee A14 0.080±0.10 0.007±0.006 0.495±0.06 0.231±0.13 3.67±0.34 1.033±0.03 0.053±0.02 0.320±0.08
Mohuda A15 0.423±0.09 0.006±0.003 0.511±0.03 0.342±0.05 19.66±0.12 0.165±0.04 0.055±0.05 0.214±0.05
Murulidih A16 0.060±0.6 0.0003±0.0006 0.65±0.39 0.188±0.24 0.899±0.10 0.626±0.05 0.055±0.02 0.247±0.02
Bastacola A17 0.290±0.11 0.005±0.002 2.11±0.02 1.641±0.26 28.38±0.25 0.456±0.01 0.049±0.01 0.399±0.04
Jamadoba A18 0.090±0.16 0.003±0.001 0.677±0.06 0.077±0.05 12.66±0.27 1.665±0.03 0.041±0.05 0.376±0.06
Tisra A19 0.042±0.11 0.002±0.003 0.834±0.03 0.089±0.07 6.34±0.45 0.596±0.04 0.051±0.02 0.157±0.03
Barari A20 0.003±0.13 0.0003±0.0001 0.895±0.33 0.213±0.002 4.55±0.54 0.468±0.01 0.039±0.03 0.247±0.03
Sudamdih A21 0.193±0.15 0.002±0.003 0.94±0.05 0.033±0.001 4.12±0.23 0.334±0.03 0.086±0.01 0.119±0.05
Chasnala A22 0.182±0.29 0.005±0.004 2.28±0.21 1.233±0.32 1.23±0.12 0.473±0.04 0.03±0.05 0.445±0.06
BIT-Sindri A23 0.009±0.27 0.002±0.001 1.040±0.26 0.443±0.04 10.56±0.11 0.611±0.01 0.021±0.05 0.270±0.01
ISM Campus A24 0.006±0.31 0.003±0.001 0.580±0.21 0.234±0.07 4.66±0.09 0.185±0.03 0.022±0.01 0.125±0.001
Madhuband A25 0.342±0.23 0.005±0.002 2.07±0.05 0.221±0.21 16.34±0.05 0.243±0.04 0.075±0.05 0.429±0.002
Lohapatti A26 0.352±0.22 0.003±0.001 0.73±0.04 0.341±0.23 14.24±0.03 0.182±0.01 0.082±0.03 0.420±0.004
Bhatdih A27 0.122±0.30 0.016±0.002 0.725±0.03 0.652±0.05 11.34±.05 0.1865±0.02 0.036±0.02 0.142±0.001
Singra A28 0.071±0.07 0.006±0.002 0.95±0.08 0.213±0.02 11.77±0.31 0.182±0.02 0.037±0.07 0.13±0.0002
Jarma A29 0.081±0.04 0.006±0.003 0.87±0.04 0.234±0.06 11.54±0.34 0.631±0.01 0.042±0.02 0.235±0.001
Lodna A30 0.193±0.03 0.004±0.002 2.58±0.27 0.255±0.01 4.34±0.23 0.649±0.04 0.078±0.01 0.395±0.003
Patherdih A31 0.400±0.06 0.004±0.001 1.96±0.12 0.219±0.08 4.45±0.25 0.454±0.05 0.065±0.06 0.32±0.003
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
116
Figure 5.16: Pb concentration at various sampling locations
Figure 5.17: Ni concentration at various sampling locations
Figure 5.18: Cu concentration at various sampling location
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
117
Cadmium (Cd): Cd concentration varies from 0.007 µg/m3 to 0.093 µg/m
3 at various
locations of the study area during various season. Location Sijua (A10) recorded
higher concentration during winter and summer (0.085 µg/m3
and 0.088 µg/m3),
respectively (Figure 5.22). Higher Cd at A10 (Sijua), A18(Jamadoba),
A21(Sudamdih), A25(Madhuband), A26 (Lohapatti), A30 (Lodna) and
A31(Patherdih) is due to combustion of coal in coal mines and mine fire and from
refuse incineration (EC, 2004). Cd levels in exhaust emissions have been related to
the composition of gasoline, motor oil, car tires and roadside deposition of the
residues of those materials as well as traffic density (Sharma and Prasad, 2010).
Chromium (Cr): Figure 5.23 shows the seasonal variation of Cr concentration at
various locations of the study area their concentration varies from 0.032 µg/m3 to
0.521µg/m3.Higher concentration was shown by A22 (Chasnala), A25(Maduband)
and A26 (Lohapatti) locations. Chromium is released into the air by fumes from
stainless steel (SS) welding (WHO, 2000; Langard, 1994; Danielsen et al., 1993) and
from the wear and tear of brake lining, tire and rust particles of the vehicles
(Sadasivan and Negi, 1990; Hopke, 1980).
Figure 5.19: Mn concentration at various sampling locations
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
118
Figure 5.20: Fe concentration at various sampling locations
Figure 5.21: Zn concentration at various sampling locations
Figure 5.22: Cd concentration at various sampling locations
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
119
Figure 5.23: Cr concentration at various sampling location
These contributions which appear insignificant can be a significant factor at traffic
junction on a long term basis, if the Cr is getting associated with the road dust.
On an average basis, the decreasing elemental concentration trend was:
Fe>Cu>Zn>Mn>Cr>Cd>Pb>Ni. The high level of Fe was due to crustal derived
elements (Al-Momani et al., 2005).
5.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
The objective of performing FTIR analysis was to determine the transformation of
chemical characteristics on combustion and to find out the distribution of these
chemical characteristics.
FTIR spectra of respirable particulate matter collected from selected locations
are given in Figures 5.24 to 5.33. FTIR spectra of air dust samples showed different
peaks corresponding to various stretching and bending vibrations of the certain
functional groups. The FTIR study showed the presence of broad bands due to O-H
stretching between 3315-3697 cm-1
.
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
120
Figure 5.24: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A2 (ISM-Main Gate)
Figure 5.25: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A6 (Bank More)
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
121
Figure 5.26: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A7 (Kusunda)
Figure 5.27: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A9 (Tetulmari)
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
122
Figure 5.28: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A13 (Baghmara)
Figure 5.29: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A15 (Mohuda-More)
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
123
Figure 5.30: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A18 (Jamadoba)
Figure 5.31: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A23 (BIT- Sindri)
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
124
Figure 5.32: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A25 (Madhuband)
Figure 5.33: FTIR Spectra of dust sample at location A31 (Patherdih)
This also showed a characteristic band of kaolinite at 695 cm-1
. Weak intensity
bands for aliphatic -CH2 group were also found in some of the samples. All the
samples contain O-H and N-H, methyl group bonded to benzene ring, carboxylate
group, inorganic phosphates, and silica their wave length varies from 3200-3700 cm-
1 and 2925±5 cm
-1, 1650-1540 cm
-1 and 600-500 cm
-1 450 cm
-1 respectively. In some
of the samples inorganic sulphates were present showing wave length in the range of
680-610 cm-1
. The results of FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of functional
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
125
groups as indicated in Table 5.9. Standard frequencies in cm-1
of the particulate matter
are given in Table 5.10.
Table 5.9: FTIR data of Dust Samples (PM10) at Various Locations
Station code Most Probable Functional Group
A2 (ISM-Main
Gate)
Hydroxyl or Amine, Methyl, Inorganic sulphate, Inorganic
phosphate, Silica
A6 (Bank More)
Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate
A7 (Kusunda) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates,Phosphtes, Inorganic Phosphate
A9 (Tetulmari) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfonate, Inorganic Phosphate.
A13 (Baghmara) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfonate, Sulfoxide, Phosphates,
Inorganic Phosphate.
A15 (Mohuda
More)
Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate
A18 (Jamadoba) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Sulfoxide, Inorganic Phosphate,
A23 (BIT- Sindri) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Aldehyde, Sulfoxide, Inorganic Phosphate,
A25 (Madhuband) Hydroxyl, Methyl,Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate, Sulfoxide,
A31(Patherdih) Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carboxylates, Inorganic Phosphate,
Table 5.10: Standard frequencies of FTIR
Functional Groups/
Group wave number
Vibrations/Substitution Standard Frequencies
O−H or N−H Silanol SiO−H Stretch 3200−3700
Methyl Groups Bonded
to Benzene Rings
CH3 Symmetric Stretch 2925±5
CH3 Bend overtone 2865±5
Alkynes C≡C Stretch 2260−2190
Aldehyde Saturated C=O Stretch 1730±10
Aromatic C=O Stretch 1710−1685
Carboxylates Asymmetric CO2 Stretch 1650−1540
Symmetric CO2 Stretch 1450−1360
Sulfonate/ Sulfate Asymmetric SO2 Stretch 1430−1330/ 1450−1350
Inorganic Sulfates S−O Stretch 1140-−1080
Sulfoxide S=O Stretch 1070−1030
Inorganic Sulfates S−O Stretch 1140−1080
Inorganic Sulfates S−O Bend 680−610
Phosphates PO4-3
Stretch 1100−1000
(broad & strong)
Inorganic carbonates C−O Stretch 1510−1410
Out of plane C−O 880−876
C−N(CH3)2 Stretch ~ 1505
Silica Si−O−Si Asymmetric Stretch 1200−1000
Inorganic Phosphates PO4-3
Bend 600−500
Silica Si−O−Si Bend ~ 450
Chapter 5 Characterization of Particulate Matter
126
5.3 SUMMARY
Characterization of particulate matter is enumerated in this chapter which depict the
particles are falling under <1µm size range and this was dominated in the respirable
fraction of dust particles. Fe, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr and Mn were found as major
trace elements in respirable dust. Further, SEM analysis with EDS deals with particles
morphology and elemental composition, which shows its origin in the study area. This
also indicates the presence of C, Si, Ca, S, Na, Cl, Fe and Mg in major amount. The
chapter also incorporated mineral composition and functional groups of elements
present in the dust particles through XRD and FTIR analysis, respectively. Results of
XRD analysis depicts Quartz (SiO2), Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) Dolomite (CaMg
(CO3)2) and traces of CaSO4, CoSO4, As2O3.SO3, NiS2, FeSO4, ZnO, BaSO4 and
CuSO4 to be in most of the locations during interpreting the X-ray diffractogram.
These revealed the existence of trace elements mainly in the form of hydroxyl,
methyl, carboxylates and sulphates. FTIR studies also inferred strong mineral bands
of Quartz, Kaolinite and aromatic methyl group (CH2). From SEM micrographs of
PM10, it can be inferred that the particles are spherical, irregular and crystalline in
shape. This information helps in to identify the sources of origin of the particulate
emission.