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Chapter 5CH1g,1h,2g,2i

Electrons in AtomsActually, the Chemical History powerpoint talked about a lot of the stuff from Chapter 5 too, specifically part of section 1 and most of

section 3.

This powerpoint will talk about what is still left over in Chapter 5.

Quantum Mechanics…where we left off from Chem History

http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/310px-Bohr-atom-PAR.svg.png

Better than any previous model, quantum mechanics does explain how the atom behaves.

Quantum mechanics treats electrons not as particles (which they are), but as waves (like light) which can gain or lose energy.

But they can’t gain or lose just any amount of energy. They can only gain or lose a “quantum” of energy.

A quantum is just an amount of energy that the electron needs to gain (or lose) to move to the next energy level. Max Planck, another German Nobel Prize winning scientist first came up with this idea.

What the heck is a Quantum?

http://www.blogcdn.com/www.slashfood.com/media/2008/08/splenda425.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Sucralose2.png

Think of a quantum as a “packet” of energy, much like a sugar packet at a restaurant. A sugar packet contains a teaspoonful of sugar. If the electron absorbs energy, it moves to a higher energy level. If it emits (loses) energy, it moves to a lower energy level. But like Bohr suggested in his model, the electron has to gain or lose exactly the right amount. That amount is a quantum of energy.

C12H19O8Cl3 is the formula for sucralose, which is the chemical name for Splenda. That molecule (in yellow) is sucralose. It’s an Organic compound.

Neils Bohr: The Planetary Model & Energy Levels

(http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/phys300/gallery/clark/bohr.html)

You can’t just step anywhere. You have to step on the rungs of a ladder. An electron has to jump from one level to

another. The steps on a ladder are all the same

distance apart. But in Bohr’s model, the energy levels get

closer and closer the further away you get from the nucleus.

An energy level is like a step or rung on a ladder. In the Solar System, as you get further away from the Sun, the planets get further apart.

Quantum Mechanics “borrowed” the concept of

energy level. The electron really doesn’t orbit (like a

little planet) around the nucleus. Quantum mechanics describes “electron

clouds” and where they are in relation to the nucleus.

Again, the electron can move from one energy level to another, IF it absorbs a quantum of energy.

I told you Schroedinger just “borrowed” the stuff he wanted from everyone else’s work. But he did explain what they all had in common and how it all “fit” together.

Energy Levels & Quantum Numbers

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/elem_pertable2.gif

Quantum mechanics has a principal quantum number. It is represented by a little n. It represents the “energy level” similar to Bohr’s model. n=1 describes the first energy level n=2 describes the second energy level. Etc.

Each energy level represents a period or row on the periodic table. Isn’t it amazing how all this stuff just “fits” together?

Red n = 1Orange n = 2Yellow n = 3Green n = 4Blue n = 5Indigo n = 6Violet n = 7

Atomic Orbitalshttp://milesmathis.com/bohr2.jpg

The energy levels in quantum mechanics describe locations where you are likely to find an electron cloud. Schroedinger used calculus to calculate the PROBABILITY

of finding an electron in a particular location. These locations are called ORBITALS.

Orbitals are “geometric shapes” around the nucleus where electrons are found.

There must be at least a 90% probability of finding an electron there.

The 4 different types of orbitals are s, p, d, and f.

Atomic Orbitalshttp://courses.chem.psu.edu/chem210/quantum/quantum.html

Think of orbitals  as sort of a "border” for spaces around the nucleus inside which electrons are allowed. No more than 2 electrons can ever be in 1 orbital. The orbital just defines an “area” where you can find 1 or 2 electrons. No more than 2 can fit into any one orbital.

What is the chance of finding an electron in the nucleus? Yes, of course, it’s zero. There aren’t any electrons in the nucleus. A node = a location where the probability of finding an electron there = 0.

Atomic Orbitals define an area where electrons are

movinghttp://www-hep.phys.unm.edu/~gold/phys492/orbitals.gif

Quantum mechanics doesn’t predict a SPECIFIC orbit, like the Bohr model does. We don’t really know how the electron is moving, or if it follows any particular path as it moves.

3s 2s 1s

Energy Sub-level = Specific Atomic Orbital

Each energy level has 1 or more “sub-levels” which describe the specific “atomic orbitals” for that level. n = 1 has 1 sub-level (the “s” orbital) n = 2 has 2 sub-levels (“s” and “p”) n = 3 has 3 sub-levels (“s”, “p” and “d”) n = 4 has 4 sub-levels (“s”, “p”, “d” and “f”)

s, p, d, f refer to specific areas on the Periodic Table where those orbitals are being filled with electrons. A second quantum number identifies the specific orbital.

Blue = s block (0)

Yellow = p block (1)

Red = d block (2)

Green = f block (3)

Shapes of These Orbitals(the nucleus is ALWAYS at the center of the

orbital)

The s orbital looks like a ball or sphere. The p orbital looks like a dumb-bell.

These orbitals are all perpendicular to each other.

The d orbitals have two shapes. 4 of the 5 look like “4-leaf clovers.” The 5th one looks like a “big dumb-bell” with a “hula-hoop”

around the middle.

The shapes of the f orbitals are complex. We have a slide showing them, but you don’t need to remember

them, nor will they be on the test. But s, p and d will be.

Shapes of s, p, and d Orbitals

http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/54/3254-004-AEC1FB42.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/D_orbitals.svg/744px-D_orbitals.svg.png

In the s block, electrons are going into s orbitals. In the p block, the s orbitals are full.

New electrons are going into the p orbitals. In the d block, the s is full but the p orbitals are not full.

New electrons are going into the d orbitals, because we are in the transition metals. THIS is characteristic of the d block.

s p d

f orbitalshttp://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/electrons/faq/f-orbital-shapes.shtml

g orbitals = Science Fiction?

2,8,18,32…50?http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/electrons/faq/f-orbital-shapes.shtml

Dr. Seaborg predicted the g orbitals would start with element number 121, which has not been invented yet. The g block will have 18 elements.

Will his hypothesis be proven true?

To Summarize

Complete the chart in your notes as we discuss this. The first level (n=1) has an s orbital. It has only 1.

There are no other orbitals in the first energy level. We call this orbital the 1s orbital.

Energy Level

Sub-levels

Total Orbitals Total Electrons

Total Electrons per Level

n = 1 s 1 (1s orbital) 2 2

n = 2 sp

1 (2s orbital)3 (2p orbitals)

26

8

n = 3 spd

1 (3s orbital)3 (3p orbitals)5 (3d orbitals)

2610

18

n = 4 spdf

1 (4s orbital)3 (4p orbitals)5 (4d orbitals)7 (4f orbitals)

261014

32

Island of Stabilityhttp://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/27/us/glenn-seaborg-leader-of-team-that-found-plutonium-dies-at-86.html

This is another hypothesis from Dr. Seaborg. His thought was that element 114 would be an “island of stability,” especially if it also had 184 neutrons. It would aehv a mass number of 298. However, other “islands” might be 120 or 126. Detailed and complicated math calculations

are necessary to figure out these numbers.

Most synthesized elements only last for fractions of seconds. However, in 1998 researchers synthesized element 114 and it lasted for 30 seconds. Perhaps this is the “shore” of the Island of Stability that Dr. Seaborg hypothesized.

The element 114 was made using some of the original Pu-244 that Dr. Seaborg himself made in the early 1940s. They bombarded plutonium with Ca-48 atoms to form some of the new element 114.

Element 114 is now know as Flerovium (symbol Fl); it was named in 2012. It took 14 years to agree on the name. All of the atoms so far have had mass numbers of 285-289. Therefore, the “island” still

remains undiscovered.

Island of Stabilityhttp://www.sciencecodex.com/files/Island%20of%20Stability%201.jpg

http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/19751

Famous picture of the “Island of Stability” showing the island off in the distance (top right) with 114 protons and 184 neutrons. An element with Z = 184 is also predicted to be another “island of stability.”

Timeline = Homework

Check out the History timeline on page 133 in your book. Prepare a timeline listing the major developments listed up

to 1932. Answer questions 1&2 at the bottom of the page (2 requires

a 5-sentence paragraph as a minimum requirement). Add 3 things to your timeline that have happened in

Chemistry SINCE 1935 that you think are significant. You might have to do research to answer this.

Electron ConfigurationsSection 2

What do I mean by “electron configuration?”

The electron configuration is the specific way in which the atomic orbitals are filled.

Think of it as being similar to your address. The electron configuration tells me where all the electrons “live.”

Rules for Electon Configurations

https://teach.lanecc.edu/gaudias/scheme.gif

In order to write an electron configuration, we need to know the RULES.

3 rules govern electron configurations. Aufbau Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule

Using the orbital filling diagram at the right will help you figure out HOW to write them Start with the 1s orbital. Fill each orbital completely and then go

to the next one, until all of the electrons have been accounted for.

FOLLOW the arrows!!!

Fill Lowest Energy Orbitals FIRST

http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/34_qn/qn3.jpg

The Aufbau Principle states that electrons enter the lowest energy orbitals first.

The lower the principal quantum number (n) the lower the energy.

Within an energy level s orbitals have the lowest

energy followed by p then d and then

f. f orbitals are the highest

energy for that level.

Each line represents ONE orbital.

1 (s), 3 (p), 5 (d), 7 (f)

Low Energy

High Energy

No more than 2 Electrons in Any Orbital…ever.

http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/timeline/images/pauli.jpg

The next rule is the Pauli Exclusion Principal. The Pauli Exclusion Principle

states that an atomic orbital may only have 1 or 2 electrons and then it is full.

The spins have to be paired. We usually represent this with an up arrow and a down arrow.

Wolfgang Pauli, yet another German Nobel Prize winner

Quantum numbers describe an electrons position in the atom, and no 2 electrons can have the exact same quantum numbers. Because of that, electrons must have opposite spins from each other in order to “share” the same orbital.

Hund’s Rule (Dog’s Rule?)http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/AP/2004Norman/Chapter7/Lec111000.html

Hund’s Rule states that when you get to degenerate orbitals, you fill them all half way first, and then you start pairing up the electrons.

Degenerate means they have the same energy.

p orbitals are degenerate because there are 3 of them on EACH level.

d and f orbitals are also degenerate.

Don’t pair up the 2p electrons until all 3 orbitals are half full.

Let’s Try Some…

NOW that we know the rules, we can try to write some electron configurations.

Remember to use your orbital filling guide to determine WHICH orbital comes next in the sequence (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, etc). Follow the arrows!!

Lets write some electron configurations for the first few elements, and let’s start with hydrogen.

There are also shorthand electron configurations, but we will look at those after Chapter 6.

Electron ConfigurationsElement Configuration Elemen

tConfiguration

H Z=1 1s1 He Z=2 1s2 (1s is now full)Li Z=3 1s22s1 Be Z=4 1s22s2 (2s is now full)B Z=5 1s22s22p1 C Z=6 1s22s22p2

N Z=7 1s22s22p3 O Z=8 1s22s22p4

F Z=9 1s22s22p5 Ne Z=10

1s22s22p6

(2p is now full)Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1 Cl

Z=171s22s22p63s23p5

K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Sc Z=21

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1

Fe Z=26 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6

Br Z=35

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10

4p5Note that all the numbers in the electron configuration add up to the atomic number for that element. Ex: for Ne (Z=10), 2+2+6 = 10

Electron Configurations of Alkali Metals (and H)

Element ConfigurationH Z=1 1s1

Li Z=3 1s22s1

Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1

K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1

This similar configuration causes them to behave the same chemically.

It’s for that reason they are in the same family or group on the periodic table.

Each group will have the same ending configuration, in this case something that ends in s1.

Exceptions to the Rules for Electron Configurations

Element ConfigurationCr should be 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4

(Z=24)BUT Cr is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 (d half

full)Cu should be 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9

BUT Cu is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 (d is full)Exceptions in the d block (transition metals)

occur because a half full OR totally full set of d orbitals is energy favorble.

This is illustrated for Chromium and Copper. These are the only 2 exceptions in the first row of

the d block.LOTS of other exceptions occur in the d block, but

these are the only 2 you need to know…for now.

More HW…OMG!

Chemistry: write full electron configurations for elements 1-36.

Advanced Chemistry: write full electron configurations for 1-36 + Rb, Sr, Y, Ag, I, Kr, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Hf, Pb.

Emission Spectra = Fingerprint of the Elements

(Section 3)http://www.cbu.edu/~jvarrian/252/emspex.jpg

Atomic emission spectrum is sometimes called a line spectrum, to distinguish it from the continuous spectrum.

Emission Spectra = Fingerprint of the Elements

(Section 3)http://www.cbu.edu/~jvarrian/252/emspex.jpg

The top 3 (H, Hg, Ne) are emission spectra. The bottom one is an absorption spectrum of H.

Emission Spectra = Fingerprint of the Elements

Atomic emission spectra are “unique.” You can use the spectrum to identify the element (like a fingerprint). Bohr’s model predicted and explained emission spectra

by pointing out how electrons can move from one energy level to another.

His model also explained why metals glow red when they are heated.

Scientists can look at light from a distant star and analyze it and determine what types of elements make up that star. Just by looking at the light!

No element (except H) has those same 4 lines in its spectrum.

All the Rest of Section 3….

…was covered in the Chemical History power point. Photoelectric effect

A photon is a quantum of light. It is light behaving as a particle. A photon has a certain wavelength, frequency and energy.

De Broglie equation Showed that particles could also act as waves.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Principal = Dr. Gordon Principle = a statement that explains how or why

something works scientifically

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The End