chapter 5

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Cognitive Development: Jean PiagetCognitive Development: Jean Piaget

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Sensorimotor Stage

• Refes to 4,) yeas of cognitive development

• +ist s"0stage #(st month afte 0ith%

,Dominated 0y assimilation of so"ces of stim"lationinto in0on efle1es s"ch as gasping vis"al tac3ing&

• 'econd s"0stage #( to $ months%

rimar ycircul arreacti ons

,chaacteized 0y 0eginnings of the a0ility tocoodinate vaio"s sensoimoto schemes

,foc"s on the infant-s o.n 0ody athe than on e1tenal

envionment

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Sensorimotor Stage (cont’d)

• Thid s"0stage #$ to 6 months%

econdarycircularreactions

,incl"de epeated pattens of activity d"e to effect on the envionment

,foc"s shifts o07ects and envionmental events

• +o"th s"0stage #6 to () months%

,Infants 0egin to sho. intentional goal,diected 0ehavio in .hich they diffeentiate 0et.een the means of achieving a goal andthe goal o end itself

• +ifth s"0stage #() to (6 months%

ertiarycircularreactions

,p"posef"l adaptations of esta0lished schemes to specific sit"ations

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Sensorimotor Stage (cont’d)

• 'i1th s"0stage #(6 to )$ months%

,Tansition 0et.een sensoimoto development and the

development of sym0olic tho"ght

,E1tenal e1ploation eplaced 0y mental e1ploation

,8se imitation to sym0olize o stand fo a plan of action

• 907ect pemanence

,Recognition that an o07ect o peson contin"es to e1ist .hen

o"t of sight

,Advances in the development of the o07ect concept 0y a0o"t

the si1th month

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#val$ation o% Piaget

Confimation

• Remains a compehensive model of infant cognition

• 2any of his o.n o0sevations of his o.n infants have0een confimed 0y othes&

• Patten and se!"ence of events he desci0ed have

0een o0seved among Ameican E"opean Aficanand Asian infants

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Piaget Criticisms

Cognitive development not as tied to discete stages

Emphasis on mat"ation .ith e1cl"sion of ad"lt and

pee infl"ences on cognitive development

8ndeestimation of infants- competence

• Infants display o07ect pemanence ealie than Piaget

0elieved&• Infants display defeed imitation as ealy as ; months and

not (6 months as Piaget 0elieved&

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&n%ormation Processing&n%ormation Processing

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&n%ormation Processing

2emoy• 2emoy impoves 0et.een ) and < months of age&

• 9lde infants moe capa0le of encoding than yo"nge

ones

• Infant memoy can 0e impoved if infants eceive aeminde&

Defeed Imitation

,Imitation of actions afte a time delay occ"s as ealy as <months

,Imitation of neonates li3ely efle1ive

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*irror +e$rons

• Activated .hen the individ"al pefoms a moto act oo0seves anothe individ"al engaging in the same act

• Also connected .ith emotions in h"mans

The fontal lo0e is active .hen people e1peience

emotions s"ch as disg"st happiness pain and also.hen they o0seve anothe peson e1peiencing an

emotion

• Has 0een s"ggested that mio ne"ons ae connected

.ith the 0"ilt,in h"man capacity to ac!"ie lang"age

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&ndivid$al Di%%erences in&ndivid$al Di%%erences in&ntelligence ,mong &n%ants&ntelligence ,mong &n%ants

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&ndivid$al Di%%erences in &ntelligence ,mong

&n%ants

• 8ndestanding of infants- intelligence 0ased on scales ofinfant development

• =ayley 'cales of Infant Development

,Consists of (>6 mental,scale items and ((( moto,scaleitems

,2ental scale assesses ve0al comm"nication pecept"als3ills leaning and memoy and po0lem,solving s3ills

,2oto scale assesses goss and fine moto s3ills,=ehavio ating scale 0ased on e1amine

o0sevation of the child d"ing the test also "sed

• Testing "sed to identify handicaps

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&nstailit o% &ntelligence Scores ,ttained in

&n%anc

• 'coes o0tained d"ing fist yea of life coelatedmodeately .ith scoes o0tained a yea late&

•=ayley scales and socioeconomic stat"s .ee a0le topedict cognitive development among ?=/ childenfom (6 months to $ yeas&

• =ayley and othe scales do not pedict school gades o

I@ scoes vey .ell&

• =ayley scales ae 0est at identifying goss lags indevelopment and elative stengths and .ea3nesses&

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1se o% 2is$al 3ecognition *emor

•is"al ecognition memoy

, A0ility to disciminate pevio"sly seen o07ects fom novel o07ectsB poced"e0ased on ha0it"ation

• Childen .ith geate vis"al ecognition memoy attained highe I@scoes&

• Individ"al diffeences in capacity fo vis"al ecognition memoy aesta0le&

• Capacity fo vis"al ecognition memoy inceases ove fist yea

afte 0ith&

• 't"dies on vis"al ecognition memoy and late I@ scoes sho.good pedictive validity fo 0oad cognitive a0ilities tho"gho"tchildhood&

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4ang$age Development4ang$age Development

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#arl 2ocaliations

• Childen develop lang"age accoding to an invaiant se!"ence of steps o stages&

• ?ang"age 0egins .ith peling"istic vocalizations&

Cooing #)nd month%

,Infants "se tong"es vo.el,li3e so"nds

,Appeas to 0e lin3ed to pleas"e

=a00ling #<,;months%

,Com0ination of consonants and vo.els

• Echolalia #(4,() months%

,Infants epeat sylla0les

• Intonation #end of (st yea%

,8se of pattens that ise and fallB esem0les ad"lt speech

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/ale 5-'! p. 6

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Development o% 2oca$lar

• +ist .od,

'po3en 0et.een ((,(*months

,=ief and consist of one o t.o

sylla0les

• oca0"lay ac!"isition,

'lo. at fist

,* o $ months fom .hen the

fist .od is s po3en childen

lean (4,*4 .ods

,(6,month,old voca0"lay may 0e

54 .ods

,)),month,old voca0"lay may 0e

*44 .ods

• eneal nominals

,'imila to no"ns

,Incl"des names of

classes of o07ects

• 'pecific nominals

,Pope no"ns

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7vere8tension

• 9vee1tension

Childen e1tend the meaning of one .od to efe tothings and actions fo .hich they do not have .ods&

9vee1tensions gad"ally p"lled 0ac3 to popeefeences

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Development o% Sentences

• Telegaphic speech,=ief e1pessions that have meanings of sentences

• 2ean length of "tteance #2?8%

,Aveage n"m0e of mophemes that comm"nicatos "se inthei sentences

• 2ophemes

,'mallest "nits of meaning in a lang"age

,e&g& /al3ed is t.o mophemes:

.al3 ve0 ,ed past,tense s"ffi1

• 2?8 inceases apidly once speech 0egins

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Fig. 5-5! p. 69

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Development o% Sentences (cont’d)

• Holophases

,'ingle .ods that ae "sed to e1pess comple1 meanings

,e&g& 2amaF meansG Thee goes 2amaF

• Telegaphic speech

,T.o,.od sentences

,e&g& That 0allFB .ods is and a ae implied

,'ho.s "ndestanding of synta1

,R"les in a lang"age fo placing .ods in ode to fom

sentences

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/eories o% 4ang$age Development

• "t"e vie.

,Holds that a child leans the lang"age that the family spea3s

& Imitation

,Childen lean lang"age at least in pat 0y o0sevation and imitation&

& Reinfocement

,Childen lean lang"age d"e to the social c"es of smiling sto3ing and tal3ing 0ac3 to them&

E1tinction

,+oeign so"nds dop o"t d"e to the lac3 of einfocement&'haping

,Reinfocing childen-s "tteances as they appo1imate act"al .ods #may 0e selective%

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/eories o% 4ang$age Development (cont’d)

• at"e

,Holds that childen have in0on tendency in the fom of

ne"ological pe,.iingF to lang"age leaning

• Psycholing"istic theoy

,?ang"age ac!"isition involves inteaction 0et.een

envionmental infl"ences&

,Innate tendency la0eled lang"age ac!"isition device #?AD%

,In0on tendency s"ppoted 0y st"dies of deaf childen and in

the lang"age development among all lang"ages

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/eories o% 4ang$age Development (cont’d)

• '"face and deep st"ct"e,9n the s"face lang"ages diffe in voca0"lay and gamma&

,Ho.eve lang"ages shae "nivesal gammaF allo.ing fo

tansfoming ideas into sentences&

• Choms3y maintains childen ae genetically pe,.ied to

attend to lang"age and ded"ce the "les fo const"cting

sentences fom ideas&

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Brain Str$ct$res &nvolved in 4ang$age

• =iological st"ct"es of ?AD 0ased in left hemisphee ofthe cee0al cote1 fo nealy all ight,handed people

and fo ) o"t of * left,handed

• Damage to =oca-s o /enic3e-s aea called aphasia

,Dis"ption in the a0ility to "ndestand o pod"ce lang"age,?ocated left hemisphee

• =oca-s aphasia

,Can "ndestand 0"t not epod"ce speech .ell

• /enic3e-s aphasia,Can spea3 feely .ith pope synta1

,Have to"0le "ndestanding speech and finding the .ods to

e1pess themselves

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Fig. 5-! p. 6

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/e Sensitive Period

• ?ang"age leaning most efficient 0eginning at (6 to )$months #sensitive peiod%

• D"ing this peiod ne"al development povides plasticity ofthe 0ain&

• Damage to the 0ain easie to heal the yo"nge the child

• 'ocial contacts impotant in the development of lang"age

• 2aln"tition and a0"se can conti0"te to poo lang"ageleaning and a0ility&

chapter 5

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