chapter 47 lecture
TRANSCRIPT
7/22/2019 Chapter 47 Lecture
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Circulatory SystemsChapter 47
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Function
TransportationRegulationProtection
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Transportation
Materials required for metabolism◦ Respiratory
oxygen and carbon dioxide◦ Nutritive
Breakdown products of digestion(liver to cells
◦ ExcretoryMetabolic waste, water, ions, etc…
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Regulation
Hormonetransport◦ From endocrine
glands to targetorgans
Temperatureregulation◦ Vasoconstriction
and vasodilation◦ Countercurrent
heat exchange
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Protection
Blood clotting◦ Platelets
Immune defenseLeukocytes
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Types of Circulatory Systems
Gastrovascular cavities
Open systems
Closed systems
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Gastrovascular Cavity
Cnidarians andmany flatwormsExchange occurs
across surface ofbody cavityLarge surface areafacilitatesexchange
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Open Circulatory SystemsNo distinctionbetween circulatingfluid andextracellular body
fluidBasic components◦ Hemolymph◦ Vessels◦ One or more hearts
Arthropods(Crustaceans,Insects), Molluscs
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Open Circulatory Systems
Pros◦ Metabolically
inexpensive◦
Movement enhancescirculation
Cons◦ Cannot be
selectively deliveredto specific tissues
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Closed Circulatory SystemsBlood and interstitialfluid are physicallyseparated
Allows for greaterpressure to beachieved
◦ Facilitates distributionto all tissues in largeanimals
Earthworms,Cephalopods, allVertebrates
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Closed Circulatory Systems
Features◦ Blood remains in vessels◦ One or more heart◦
Contain disease fightingcells and molecules◦ Adjustable to meet
metabolic demands◦
Facilitates self healing◦ Continually grows with
organism
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Closed Circulatory Systems -Types
Single circulation◦ fish
Double circulation◦ crocodiles, birds, and mammalsCombination◦ Amphibians and most reptiles
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Double Circulation – PartialSeparation
Amphibians andReptiles
◦ Oxygenated bloodfrom the lungs is keptrelatively separatefrom thedeoxygenated bloodfrom the rest of thebody due toincomplete divisionswithin the heart.
PulmocutaneouscirculationSystemic circulation
◦ Lungs and skincarryout gas exchange
Ventricle
Lung
O 2
O 2
CO 2
O 2 CO 2
Skin
Pulmocutaneous circulation
Systemic circulation
Amphibian (frog)
Heart
Rightatrium
Mostly O 2-rich blood
Moderatepressure
Mostlymixedblood
Leftatrium
Lowpressure
Lowpressure
Bodytissues
CO 2
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Cutaneous Respiration
•Both atria dump into singleventricle•Internal structure keeps 2oxygenated and deoxygenatedblood mostly separated•Some mixing does occur reducing
efficiency
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Double Circulation – CompleteSeparation
Two distinct circuits◦ Pulmonary◦ Systemic
Four Chambered heart◦ 2 atria◦ 2 ventricles
Two pressure systems
O 2 CO 2
(c) Double circulation in birds and mammals
Mammal
Systemic circulation
Veins Arteries
Lungs
O2
CO 2
Heart
Bodytissues
Lowpressure/low O 2
Rightatrium
Rightventricle
Leftatrium
Leftventricle
Pulmonarycirculation
Highpressure/high O 2
Mixed blood
Mostly mixed blood
Direction of blood flow
KEYO2-rich blood
O2-poor blood
Mostly O 2-rich blood
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17
Blood
Fluid connectivetissueCells and cell
fragmentsSolution of watercontainingdissolved nutrients,proteins, gases,and othermolecules
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma
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Major Components
PlasmaLeukocytesErythrocytesPlatelets or thrombocytes
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Plasma
Water and solutes◦ Metabolites, wastes, hormones
Ions
Na, Cl, bicarbonate◦ Proteins (most from liver)
Primary Function◦
pH buffering, water balance and immunecell transport
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CH
CH
N N
N N
Fe
Heme
Red bloodcell
Hemoglobin proteinwith 4 subunits
CH 2CH 2COOHCH
2CH
2COOH
CH 3 CH 3
O2
CH 2
CH 3 CH 2
CH 3
Erythrocytes
Hematocrit(volume) ~ 45%Primary Function
◦ Oxygen transport using
hemoglobinProduced in bonemarrowSome enucleated
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Leukocytes
Primary function◦ Defense
Can leave the
blood streamNucleated2 classes◦ Granular◦ Agranular
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXUNEJkjQt4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEGGMaRX8f0&NR=1
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Platelets and Thrombocytes
Platelets (inmammals)◦ Cell fragments
Thrombocytes◦ In tact cells
Primary Function◦
Blood clottinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFNWGCx_Eu4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--
bZUeb83uU
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Blood Vessels
From the Heart◦ Arteries◦ Arterioles
Return flow◦ Capillaries◦ Venules◦ Veins
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Arteries
Carry blood away from the heartThick walled, greater resistance
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Capillaries
No muscle tissue◦ 8μ m diameter
Gas exchange◦
1 layer
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Veins
Carry blood to the heartThin walled, less resistanceVenus pump
◦ Venus valves
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27
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Low pressureHigh protein
High pressureHigh protein
H2O andsolutesleavecapillary.
Interstitial fluid(low pressure+ low protein)
H2O andsolutesentercapillary.
Excess H 2O andsolutes enterlymph vessels.
Excess H 2O(with solutes) isreturned to blood.
Lymphvessel
To otherregionsof tissue
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Mammalian Heart
four-chambered heart with two separateatria and two separate ventricles.
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The Cardiac Cycle
The heart has two pairs of valves.◦ Atrioventricular (AV) valves guards the opening
between the atria and the ventricles.right - tricuspid valveleft - bicuspid valve
◦ Semilunar valves guard the exits from theventricles to the arterial system.
right - pulmonary valveleft - aortic valve
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rguztY8a
qpk
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The Cardiac Cycle
Valves open and close as the heartgoes through the cardiac cycle of rest(diastole) and contraction (systole).
Measuring arterial blood pressure◦ Systolic pressure is peak pressure during
ventricular systole (contraction).◦ Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure
between heartbeats.Blood pressure is written as a ratio of systolicover diastolic pressure.
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Measurement of BloodP ressure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A_wy8r93os
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElCbQMiBC6A&NR=1
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Electrical Excitation andContraction of the Heart
Contraction ofheart muscle isstimulated bymembranedepolarization.
◦ Depolarizationtriggered bysinoatrial (SA) node.
Acts as a pacemakerfor the rest of the heartby producingdepolarizationimpulsesspontaneously at a
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Electrical Excitation andContraction of the Heart
Atrioventricular(AV) node allowsdepolarization topass to theventricles.◦ Depolarization is
conducted rapidlyover both ventricles
by atrioventricularbundle (bundle ofHis).
transmitted by Purkinjefibers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=te_SY3
MeWys&feature=related