chapter 44 - population ecology · web viewthere will be approximately ____ mice in four months in...

Chapter 44 - Population Ecology

Multiple Choice

1. Which issue is LEAST associated with Canada geese? a. Their feces can cloud lakes. b. Their feces contain harmful bacteria. c. They can destroy lawns. d. They can be dangerous to air traffic. e. They can become very aggressive towards humans.ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.1 A Honking MessLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.1 - The threats that a growing population of Canada geese pose to

humans.

2. Acts to protect Canadian geese were put into effect in the ____. a. 1700s b. 1800s c. early 1900s d. late 1900s e. 2000sANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.1 A Honking MessLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.1 - The threats that a growing population of Canada geese pose to

humans.

3. The number of individuals in a specified portion of habitat is the population's ____. a. distribution b. carrying capacity c. density d. size e. birth rateANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.2 - Examine the different characteristics that are used to describe a population

4. Individuals in the population grouped according to levels of maturity define the population's ____. a. carrying capacity b. age structure c. density d. size e. birth rateANSWER: b

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DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


5. The distribution of hippopotamuses in muddy shallows is generally ____. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneousANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


6. What distribution pattern is the most common in the natural world? a. random b. uniform c. clumped d. stratified or layered e. homogeneousANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


7. The distribution of coral colonies is ____. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneousANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


8. Scientists use ____ sampling to estimate the population size of mobile animals. a. mark–recapture b. random c. plot



d. base e. homogeneousANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


9. The distribution of animals and plants in competition for scarce resources tends to be ____. a. clumped b. random c. near uniform d. constant e. homogeneousANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


10. A population of dandelions in a field exemplifies a ____ population distribution. a. clumped b. random c. uniform d. constant e. homogeneousANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


11. Random distribution of individuals in a population occurs when resource availability is ____ and individuals ____ one another. a. scarce; attract b. clumped; neither attract nor avoid c. random; avoid d. uniform; neither attract nor avoid e. scarce; avoidANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




12. Zero population growth is achieved when ____. a. a population reaches the carrying capacity of the environment b. emigration and immigration are balanced, and the number of births equals the number of deaths c. births exceed deaths d. deaths exceed births e. emigration and immigration are preventedANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.3 - Discuss the factors that determine the size of a population and its growth rate

13. When the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration the result is ____. a. logistic growth b. exponential growth c. population saturation d. zero population growth e. geometric growthANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


14. The per capita growth rate (r) is ____ per mouse per month in a population of 1,000 mice where 500 mice are born and 400 mice die monthly. a. 0.1 b. 0.2 c. 0.3 d. 0.4 e. 0.5ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


15. There will be approximately ____ mice in four months in a population of 1,000 mice where 500 mice are born and 400 mice die monthly. a. 1,060 b. 1,160 c. 1,260 d. 1,360 e. 1,460ANSWER: e



DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


16. Which of these is not a direct factor that controls biotic potential? a. the age at which reproduction generally begins b. the resources available for each individual c. reproductive rate d. predators and pathogens e. genetic mutationsANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


17. Populations ____. a. are only limited by one factor at a time b. increase arithmetically c. may increase indefinitely d. are limited by the carrying capacity e. overcome limiting factors by increasing their biotic potentialANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

18. The effect of resource availability on population size ultimately determines ____. a. the carrying capacity of the environment b. exponential growth c. the doubling time of a population d. the population's biotic potential e. the loss of species in an ecosystemANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth



Figure 44.6

19. The wood duck shown in the above photograph was adversely affected by ____ and is making a comeback thanks to ____. a. global cooling; heat producing chemical added to their diet b. sexually transmitted viruses; a new vaccine c. limited numbers of natural cavities; artificial nesting boxes d. high incidence of males being born; transplantation of females from other areas e. invasive species; removal of introduced predatorsANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthPREFACE NAME: fig 2LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

20. Density-independent factors that limit population growth include ____. a. parasites b. temperature c. disease d. competition e. predationANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth



Figure 44.7

The following three questions refer to the figure above illustrating logistic growth.

21. The initial carrying capacity of an environment is indicated by ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. EANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthPREFACE NAME: fig 3LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

22. The effect of population growth limiting factors begin to become evident at about the letter ____. a. A b. B c. C d. D e. EANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

23. The population is entering exponential growth at letter ____. a. A b. B c. C



d. D e. EANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

24. A cohort is ____. a. a group of individuals of the same species born during the same time interval b. any member of the same species c. a group of individuals with the same parents d. a group of individuals of the same sex e. any group of closely related individualsANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.5 Life History PatternsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of different species.

25. Type II survivorship curves ____. a. are characteristic of humans and elephants b. indicate a fairly constant rate of death at all ages c. indicate a high mortality rate in the very young d. are characteristic of species in which most individuals live a relatively long life and die of old age e. are typical of species with high biotic potentialsANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.5 Life History PatternsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of different species.

26. A study of a cohort of 1,000 animals showed a 90 percent death rate per individual in the first year, 10 percent the second year, and 5 percent the third year. This population's survivorship is _____. a. type I b. type II c. type III d. type I the first year and type II in years two and three e. type I the first year, type II the second year, and type III the third yearANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.5 Life History PatternsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of different species.

27. Equilibrial species are shaped by ____, and tend to have a ____. a. K-selection; small body and short generation time b. r-selection; large body and long generation time c. K-selection; large body and long generation timeCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


d. r-selection; small body and long generation time e. r-selection; large body and short generation timeANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.5 Life History PatternsLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of different species.

28. Reznick and Endler’s research with guppies suggested four of the following. Which one is the exception? a. Life history traits can be inherited. b. Life history traits evolve. c. Life history traits can be altered over a short period of time. d. Life history traits are not influenced by predation patterns. e. Life history traits are coded for in DNA.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: Effects of Predation on Life HistoryLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.6 - Discuss how predation affects life history traits.

29. The Reznick and Endler guppy study showed that life history traits in guppies ____. a. evolve primarily due to migration patterns b. are unpredictable and random from a human standpoint c. change very slowly, and only in response to individual guppy needs d. are unchanged in response to the preferences of predators e. can evolve rapidly in response to the preferences of predators ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.6 Effects of Predation on Life HistoryLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.6 - Discuss how predation affects life history traits.

30. Which factor is most responsible for the rapid population explosion of humans? a. more prevalence of microorganisms to fight diseases naturally b. increasing availability of natural resources c. decreasing migration of human and animal populations d. decline in death rates without an equivalent decline in birth rates e. advances in reproductive technologyANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.7 Human Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.7 - Examine the factors responsible for the rapid increase in human population size.

31. It took more than 100,000 years for the human population to grow to one billion individuals and took about ____ years to add five billion more. a. 200 b. 20,000Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


c. 100,000 d. 200,000 e. 500,000ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.7 Human Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.7 - Examine the factors responsible for the rapid increase in human population size.

32. Presently, the replacement fertility rate in developed countries is ____ a. 2.0 b. 2.1 c. 2.4 d. 2.6 e. 2.8ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.8 - Determine the factors that will affect future changes in the human population.



Figure 44.15

The following question refers to the age structure diagrams above.

33. Which statement reflects the age structure of these three countries? a. India has the greatest proportion of older adults. b. The United States has the greatest proportion of young people. c. India has the greatest proportion of young people. d. China has the greatest proportion of young people. e. China has the greatest proportion of older adults.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionPREFACE NAME: fig 4LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


34. The ____ of a human population is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years. a. global reproductive rate



b. mean reproductive rate c. average fertility rate d. total fertility rate e. replacement fertility rateANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


35. A population grows as long as its ____. a. total fertility rate exceeds the replacement fertility rate b. replacement fertility rate exceeds the total fertility rate c. total fertility rate equals the replacement rate d. total fertility rate is at least twice the replacement fertility rate e. total fertility rate falls below the average replacement fertility rateANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


36. Which of the following refers to the area of Earth’s surface that is required to sustainably support a particular level of development and consumption? a. demographic transition model b. carrying capacity c. ecological footprint d. biosphere e. ecological cohortANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s : RememberREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


37. The average person in the United States has an ecological footprint nearly _____ times that of an average world citizen. a. two b. three c. four d. five e. sixANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and Consumption



LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Matching

Choose the most appropriate response for each:a. growth pattern which appears as a J-shaped curve when population increases are plotted against timeb. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size.c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a populationd. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteriaDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


38. age structureANSWER: c

Choose the most appropriate response for each:a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curveb. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size.c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a populationd. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteriaDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


39. per capita growth rateANSWER: b

Choose the most appropriate response for each:a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curveb. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size.c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a populationd. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteriaDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


40. exponential growthANSWER: a

Choose the most appropriate response for each:a. describes a population that is growth which when plotted appears as a J-shaped curveb. for some interval, the added number of individuals divided by the initial population size.



c. the distribution of individuals at each age level in a populationd. for example, the amount of glucose in a culture flask containing bacteriaDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

41. limiting factorANSWER: d

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five terms listed below:a. carrying capacityb. emigrationc. immigrationd. density-dependent limiting factore. density-independent limiting factorDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


42. movement of individuals out of a populationANSWER: b

43. movement of individuals into a populationANSWER: c

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five terms listed below:a. carrying capacityb. emigrationc. immigrationd. density-dependent limiting factore. density-independent limiting factorDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

44. the maximum number of individuals that a given habitat can supportANSWER: a

45. as population density increases this increasingly limits population growthANSWER: d

Classification. Respond to the following statements used by ecologists with reference to the five terms listed below:a. carrying capacityb. emigrationc. immigrationd. density-dependent limiting factorCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


e. density-independent limiting factorDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: LIMITS ON POPULATION GROWTHLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

46. this limits population growth to the same degree regardless of population densityANSWER: e

Completion

47. Demographics include population __________ and __________ structure, such as the size of the __________ base.ANSWER: size; age; reproductiveDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


48. __________ sampling can be used to estimate the population density for mobile animals and involves capturing and releasing individuals.ANSWER: Mark-recaptureDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


49. The size of a population depends on its rates of births, deaths, __________, and __________.ANSWER: emigration; immigration

immigration; emigrationDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


50. In cases of __________ growth, a population's growth is proportional to its size.ANSWER: exponentialDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


51. The maximum possible rate of increase is a species' __________ potential.ANSWER: bioticDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.3 Population Size and Exponential GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




52. With __________ growth, a small population starts growing slowly, then grows rapidly, and then levels off once __________ is reached.ANSWER: logistic; carrying capacityDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

53. At low population density, __________ is favored, quickly producing as many offspring as possible.ANSWER: r-selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

54. At high population density, __________ is favored, with organisms investing more time and energy in fewer, higher quality offspring.ANSWER: K-selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

55. A(n) __________ is a group of individuals born during the same time interval.ANSWER: cohortDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth

Subjective Short Answer

56. A population of deer is sampled. 25 deer are caught and tagged. Two months later, the researchers return and find that 4 of the 16 deer they observe have tags. This would suggest a total population size of what number? Explain your answer.ANSWER: When the researchers returned, 25% of the deer they observed had tags. This suggests that they tagged

25% of the total population. Therefore, the total population would be 25 times 4 for a total of 100 deer.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.2 Population DemographicsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


57. The dinosaurs are thought to have gone extinct due to an asteroid strike. How would this impact on population growth be described?ANSWER: Asteroids would be an example of a density-independent factor. The asteroid strike did not depend

on the population of the dinosaurs.DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 44.4 Limits on Population GrowthLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.4 - Determine the environmental limits on population growth



58. Do humans exhibit r-selected or K-selected species patterns? Explain your answer.ANSWER: Humans exhibit almost exclusively K-selected species patterns. We have long development, later

reproduction, few young per breeding episodes, long life spans, and high parental investment. The only question is if we are approaching the carrying capacity like a K-selected species, or exceeding it like an r-selected species.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.5 Life History PatternsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.44.5 - Discuss how ecologists study life history patterns of different species.

59. Is the average ecological footprint getting larger or smaller globally?ANSWER: The average ecological footprint is growing. Most of the citizens of planet Earth live in developing

countries, and those citizens generally desire a lifestyle more like that of Americans. As their ecological footprint goes up (and Americans generally refuse to lower those), the strain on the Earth’s limited resources increases.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 44.8 Anticipated Growth and ConsumptionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



chapter 44 - population ecology · web viewthere will be approximately ____ mice in four months in...

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