chapter 40 lecture - oak park independentchapter 40 america confronts the post–cold war era,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 40AmericaConfrontsthePost–ColdWarEra,
1992–2000
Presented by:
Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.
I.BillClinton:TheFirstBaby-BoomerPresident
• 1992presidential race– Democrats:
• Gov.WilliamJefferson(“Bill”)Clintonforpresident• SenatorAlbertGoreforvice-president• Clintonclaimedtobea“New” Democrat• FormedDemocraticLeadershipCouncil (DLC):
– Pushed pro-growth, strong defense, and anticrime policies– DLC'sascendance reflected how market-oriented ideasdominated politics bylate 1990s
I.BillClinton:TheFirstBaby-BoomerPresident(cont.)
– Republicans:– Continued touse “social issues” ofReaganera
– Emphasized “family values”– Nominated GeorgeH.W.Bush andVice President J. Danforth Quayle for second term
– Bush claimed credit forending Cold Warand trumpeted hisleadership inPersian GulfWar, buthurt byweakeconomy
– Electionresults:• 19%votedforH.RossPerot—emphasizeddeficit• Clintonpopularcount44,909,889;Bush39,104,545;Perot19,742,267
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I.BillClinton:TheFirstBaby-BoomerPresident(cont.)
• Electoralcount370Clinton;168Bush;0Perot• ClintonfirstbabyboomertoascendtoWhiteHouse• Perot:strongestshowingforindependentorthirdpartycandidatesinceT.Roosevelt,1912(seeMap40.1)
• DemocratswonmajoritiesinbothhousesofCongress• Nearrecordofnewmembers:39AfricanAmericans,19HispanicAmericans,7AsianAmericans,oneNativeAmerican,48women(6oftheminSenate)
• ClintonnominatedRuthBaderGinsburgtoSupremeCourtin1993
Map 40-1 p958
II.AFalseStartforReform• Clinton thought hehadmandate forreform
– Gaysandlesbians:• Advocatedendtobanonserviceinarmedservices• Settledfor“Don'tAsk,Don'tTell” policy
– Allowed gaysand lesbians toserve inmilitary withoutofficially acknowledging their presence (Congress repealedthis discriminatory policy in 2010)
– Health-carereform:• AppointedHillaryClintonasdirectoroftaskforcechargedwithredesigningmedical-serviceindustry
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II.AFalseStartforReform(cont.)
• ComplicatedplandeadonarrivalwhenpresentedtoCongressinOctober1993
• ShewonelectionassenatorfromNewYorkin2000• BecamefirstFirstladytoholdpublicoffice
– Deficitreductionbill,1993:• PassedwithnoRepublicansupport(harbingerofbitterpartisandivide)
• Spendingcutsaswellastaxincreasesonwealthy• Combinedwithincreasinglybuoyanteconomyby1996toshrinkdeficit
• Congressarguedoverhowtomanagebudgetsurpluses
II.AFalseStartforReform(cont.)
– 1994anti-crimebill:• Mostfar-reachinganti-crimebillpassedbyCongress• Funded100,000newpoliceofficersaswellasconstructionofmoreprisons
• Federalbanonsomeassaultweapons(expiredin2004)• Whenstatesalsostiffenedlawenforcement,U.S.incarcerationratebecamehighestinworld
– With 5%ofworld's population, U.S.A.has25%ofall prisoninmates by2014
• Violentcrimeratebegansubstantialdeclineafter1995
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II.AFalseStartforReform(cont.)
– Antigovernmentmoodpersisted:• Oklahoma City bombingoffederalbuilding,1995
– 168 lives lost– Inretribution for1993standoff in Waco,Texasbetweenfederal agentsand fundamentalist sectknown asBranchDavidians
» Ended with compound destroyed anddeathofmanywomen andchildren
– Brought to light secretive underground ofparamilitary“militias” ultrasuspicious ofallgovernment
• Reflectingdisenchantmentwithpoliticsandpoliticians,severalstatespassedterm-limitlawsforelectedofficials
III.ThePoliticsofDistrust– RepublicanscampaignedonContractwithAmerica
• LedbyGeorgiaRepresentativeNewtGingrich• Promisedall-outassaultonbudgetdeficitandradicalreductionsinwelfareprograms
• Republicanswon:11newgovernorships,8seatsinSenate,53seatsinHouse
• Republicancontrolofbothhousesforfirsttimein40years
• DefeatofsouthernDemocratsledtoaccelerated– Ideological and geographical sorting oftwo parties– More partisanship
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III.ThePoliticsofDistrust(cont.)
– 1996:majorconservativevictorywithWelfareReformBill:• Madedeepcutsinwelfaregrants• Requiredable-bodiedwelfarerecipientstofindemployment
• SignedbyreluctantClinton• LiberalDemocratshowledatpresident'saction• Clintonsawitasshrewdstrategyofaccommodatingelectorate'sconservativemoodbymovingtoright
III.ThePoliticsofDistrust(cont.)
– WelfareReformBillreflectedgrowinganti-immigrantsentimentasnumberofimmigrantsgrew
– Clintondenouncedprovisionsthatrestrictedbenefitsforbothlegalandillegalimmigrants
– IncreasedimmigrationespeciallyaffectedSouthwestbecauseofbigincreaseinMexicanmigrants(seeFigure40.1)• Mexicans=largestcontingentofmodernimmigrants
– Republicananti-immigrantpoliciesgalvanizedmanyvoters,butalienatedgrowingLatinopopulation(SeeMakersofAmerica)
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Figure 40-1 p961
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Figure 40-2 p963
III.ThePoliticsofDistrust(cont.)
– IfClintonoverplayedmandateforreformafter1992,Republicansafter1994“RepublicanRevolution” overplayedmandateforretrenchment
– RepublicanswantedcutsinMedicareandeducation
– DisagreementbetweenRepublicanCongressandClintonforcedgovernmenttoshutdownfor27daysinlate1995andearly1996
– CausedbacklashagainstGOP– HelpedClintontoreboundfromearlierdefeats
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IV.ClintonComesBack– 1996electioncampaign:
• RepublicanschooseRobertDoleascandidate• ClintonwasDemocraticcandidate• Bothappealedtoswingvoters,especiallymiddle-classfemalesuburbanites(seeFigure40.3)
• ReboundingeconomyhelpedClinton• Results:Clinton'spopularcount47,401,898toDole's39,198,482(seeMap40.2)
• Clintonwon379electoralvotes;Doleonly159• RepublicanskeptcontrolofCongress• Perotpickeduplessthanhalfhisvotesof1992
IV.ClintonComesBack(cont.)
– Clinton=FirstDemocratsinceFDRtobereelected
– FacingRepublicanCongress,Clintonproposedmodestlegislativegoalsforsecondterm
– YetClintonoftenputRepublicansondefensivebyclaimingpoliticalmiddleground• E.g.,embracedWelfareReformBillof1996
V.RacialProgressandPerils
– Affirmativeaction:Clintonpledgedto“mendit,notendit”
– CaliforniapassedProposition209in1996:• Prohibitedaffirmative-actionpreferencesingovernmentandhighereducation
• Withit,minorityenrollmentstemporarilydropped• FederalcourtdecisionHopwoodv.Texashadsimilareffect
– Clintoncriticizedtheseassaultsonaffirmativeaction,butdidnottrytoreversethem
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Figure 40-3 p965
V.RacialProgressandPerils(cont.)
– Racialdivisionsloomedlargeincultureandpolitics
– StressesespeciallyevidentinLosAngeles(1992)• Magnetforminorities,especiallyimmigrantsfromAsiaandLatinAmerica
• LAriotstestifiedtoblackskepticismaboutjusticesystemandangeratAsianmerchants
• O.J.Simpson'smurdertrial(1995)fedwhitedisillusionmentwithstateofracerelations
• DebateoververdictreflectedyawningchasmthatseparatedwhiteandblackAmericans
V.RacialProgressandPerils(cont.)
– Increasinglysegmentedresidential landscapesreflectedracialdivide
– Bylate1900s,minorities=majoritypopulationofmanycities,aswhitesdominatesuburbs
– Whenwhitegentrificationofcitiescausedrealestatepricestosoar,minoritiesconcentratedininnercoresofoldindustrialcities
– Residentialmapacheckerboardofracialdifferenceaswellasvividcontrastsofprosperityandpoverty
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V.RacialProgressandPerils(cont.)
– Blacksgainedpoliticallyinwakeofcivilrightsrevolutionof1950sand1960s• morethan9,000blackelectedofficialsby2000• IncludedsomethreedozenmembersofCongress• Mayorsofseverallargecities
– By2000,blackshadadvancedinhighereducation• Educationalgapbetweenblacksandwhitespersisted• Assaultsonaffirmativeactioncompoundedobstaclesformanyyoungblacks
– 2000:16.6%ofblacks overageof25with atleast abachelor'sdegree comparedwith 26.1%ofwhites
V.RacialProgressandPerils(cont.)
– Racialdivisionsalsoshapepolitics– Blacksverypro-Clintonin1992and1996– RacialminoritiesbecomeincreasinglykeycomponentsofDemocraticelectoralbase
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VI.GlobalizationandItsDiscontents
– Clinton'smajorpoliticaladvantagewaseconomy—longestsustainedperiodofgrowthby2000
– FederalReserve'slowinterest,easymoneypoliciesalongwithInternetboomcutunemploymentto4%• Inflationremainedlow
– Insuchapositiveeconomy,ClintonandRepublicanCongressderegulatedfinancialsector• Loosenedrulesonnewinstrumentscalled“derivatives”• RepealedGlass-SteagallActof1930sthatbarredcommercialbanksfromdealinginsecurities
VI.GlobalizationandItsDiscontents(cont.)
– ClintonsignedNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA) in1993:
– Created free-trade zoneofMexico, Canada, andU.S.A.– Buckedhis own party's protectionists, especially labor leaders
• 1994:furthersupportedglobalfree-tradewhenhepromotedcreationofWorldTradeOrganization(WTO):
– Successor toGeneral Agreement onTariffsand Trade (GATT)– Simmering discontent over trade policyboiled over in1999when Clinton hosted WTOmeeting inSeattle
– Protesters railed against human andenvironmental costs ofeconomic globalization
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VI.GlobalizationandItsDiscontents(cont.)
– Clintonabigadvocateoftradeexpansion– AsChinaboomed,hesoft-pedaledearliercriticismofBeijingonhumanrightsandsoughtimprovedtrade
– By2000,hepushedcontroversialChinatradebillthatCongresspassedinMay2000:• MadeAsiangiantfull-fledgedtradingpartnerofU.S.A.
– Anotherstepinglobalization
VI.GlobalizationandItsDiscontents(cont.)
• Communications technology acceleratedglobalization
• Computers keytoproductivity gainsandeconomic growth inlate1900s
• Microsoft led transformation tofast-paced“information age” asstoring, organizing, andprocessing databecameindustry
• Internet heralded communications revolution
VI.GlobalizationandItsDiscontents(cont.)
• Networkedpeopleformedelectronicglobalvillageofinstantaneouscommunication
• Speedandefficiencyofe-communicationsthreatenedtowipeoutentireoccupations(postalcarriers,etc.)
• Certainjobscouldbe“outsourced” toothercountries(e.g.,IrelandorIndia)
• Related forcesofcomputer revolution andeconomic globalization defined opportunitiesandchallenges atdawnofnewmillennium
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VII.TheFeminist Revolution– Womeninworkplace:
• 1900:womenabout20%ofworkforce• Presenceinworkplacesteadilyincreasedovernextfivedecades
• 1950s,women'sentryaccelerateddramatically• By1990s,nearlyhalfofallworkerswomen,andmajorityofworking-agewomenheldjobs(seeFigure40.4)
• Mostastonishingwasupsurgeinemploymentofmothers• 1950s,mostmotherswithchildrenstayedhome• 1990s,majorityofwomenwithchildrenasyoungasoneyearoldwerewageearners(seeTable40.1)
Figure 40-4 p968
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VII.TheFeminist Revolution(cont.)
• Womenbroughthomethebaconandthencookeditbecausemostmendidnottakeongreatershareofdomesticchores
• Greaterburdensofparenthoodhelpexplainoccupationalsegregationandpaydisparities
• Womenfarmorelikelythanmentointerruptcareersorchooselessdemandingcareerpathstopermitparenthood
• Womencontinuedtoreceivelowerwages• Tendedtoconcentrateinlow-prestige,low-payingoccupations(“pink-collarghetto”)
• Aslateas2012,womenmade77centsondollarcomparedtomen
VII.TheFeminist Revolution(cont.)
• Accountingformorethan½thepopulationin2010,womenwere:
– 33%of lawyers and judges (up from5% in 1970)– 32%ofphysicians (up from10% in1970)
– FamilyandMedicalLeaveActof1993:• Jobprotectionforworkingfathersandmotherswhoneedtimeofffromworkforfamily-relatedreasons
– Someemployersprovidedpaternityleave inadditiontomaternityleave,bothusuallyunpaid
– Familypracticesandstructureschangeasmoreandmorewomenwork
VII.TheFeminist Revolution(cont.)
– Traditionalnuclearfamilychanged:• By1990s,oneoutofeverytwomarriagesendedindivorce
– 1960s, 5% ofall births were tounmarried women
– 1990s, 1outof4white babies, 1outof3Latino babies, and2outof3African American babies born tosingle mothers
• Iftraditionalfamilyincreasinglyrare,familyremainedbedrockofsociety
• Familiesnowassumedvarietyofforms:– Household led bysingle parent, stepparent, orgrandparent– Children with gayand lesbian parents
• Teenagepregnancyanddivorceratesdecline,mid-1990s
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Table 40-1 p970
VIII.SearchingforaPost-ColdWarForeignPolicy
– ClintonlookedforformulatoreplaceanticommunismasbasicpremiseofU.S.diplomacy
– Absorbedbydomesticissues,Clintonuncertainatfirst• AfterSomalirebelskilledmorethanadozenAmericans,ClintonwithdrewU.S.unitsin1994
• BurnedbySomalia,U.S.A.stoodbywhenethnicviolenceinRwandain1994resultedindeathofhalfamillionpeople
– TormentedBalkansinsoutheasternEurope:• ViciousethnicconflictragedinBosnia
VIII.SearchingforaPost-ColdWarForeignPolicy(cont.)
• U.S.A.dithereduntildecidingtocommittroopstoNATOpeacekeepingcontingentin1995
• NATO'spresencefailedtopacifyBalkanscompletely• SerbianpresidentSlobodanMilosevi'c(1999)unleashednewroundof“ethniccleansing” againstethnicAlbaniansinKosovo
• U.S.-ledNATOforceslaunchedairwaragainstSerbia• BombingforcedMilosevi'ctoacceptNATOpeacekeepingforceinKosovo
– Milosevic arrested in2001 andputon trial before InternationalCriminal Court in theHague, where hedied in2006before trialcompleted
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VIII.SearchingforaPost-ColdWarForeignPolicy(cont.)
• MiddleEastremainedamajorfocusofU.S.diplomacy• 1993:ClintonpresidedoverhistoricmeetingbetweenIsraelipremierYitzhakRabinandPLOleaderYasirArafat
• AgreedonwithdrawalofIsraeliforcesfromWestBankandGazaStripandpoliticalself-ruleforPalestiniansthere
• Twoyearslater,Rabinkilledbyassassin'sbullet• ClintonandMadeleineAlbrightspentrestof1990stryinginvaintofindsolutiontoIsraeli-Palestinianproblem
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VIII.SearchingforaPost-ColdWarForeignPolicy(cont.)
• MiddleEastalsosourceofanotherkeyproblemforU.S.A.• Growthofradical,anti-AmericanIslamistterrorism• MosteffectivetransnationalnetworkwasAlQaeda• BombedU.S.embassiesinKenyaandTanzania,1998• BombedU.S.S.Cole,2000• Saudi-bornleaderofAlQaeda,OsamabinLaden:
– Declared waronallAmericans and their allies in1998 fatwa– Denounced U.S.military presence in region, especially SaudiArabia– As well asU.S.support for Israel in dispute with Palestinians
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VIII.SearchingforaPost-ColdWarForeignPolicy(cont.)
• Clintonsteppedupeffortstoleavelegacyasinternationalpeacemaker
– Along with work inMiddle East, hehelped bring peace toNorthern Ireland in1998
– Diplomacy inKorean peninsula aswell as in IndiaandPakistan aimed to reducenuclear tensions inAsia
• GuidingprinciplesofU.S.foreignpolicyinpost-ColdWareraremainedill-definedandelusive
IX.ScandalandImpeachment• ScandaldoggedClinton from startofpresidency– Criticschargedhimwitheverythingfromphilanderingtoillegalfinancialtransactions:• Allegationsofcorruptrealestatedeal(Whitewater)whilehewasgovernorofArkansastriggeredinvestigationbyspecialprosecutor
• Noindictmentevermaterialized– Mobilizedconservativemovementwithitsownmediaamplifiedeachaccusation
IX.ScandalandImpeachment(cont.)
– Lewinskyaffair:• Jan.1998:revelationthatClintonengagedinsexualaffairwithyoungWhiteHouseintern,MonicaLewinsky
• Liedunderoathaboutaffairinanotherwoman'scivilsuitaccusinghimsexualharassment
• Sept.1998:WhitewaterspecialprosecutorsubmittedtoHousereportoutliningelevenpossiblegroundsforimpeachment,allrelatedtolyingaboutLewinsky
• Dec.1998:Republican-controlledHousepassedtwoarticlesofimpeachment:
– Perjury before grand jury
– Obstruction of justice
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IX.ScandalandImpeachment(cont.)
– Democraticminoritychargedthat:• HoweverdeplorableClinton'spersonalmisconduct,• Sexualtransgressionsdidnotrisetolevelof“highcrimesandmisdemeanors” prescribedinConstitution(seeArt.II,Sec.IVintheAppendix)
• HouseRepublicansrepliedthatperjuryandobstructionweregraveissuesandthat“ruleoflaw”atstake
IX.ScandalandImpeachment(cont.)
– MostAmericansleanedtowardviewofClinton'sactionsaslowfollies,nothighcrimes• 1998midtermelections,votersreducedRepublicanmajorityinHouse:
– Gingrich then resigned
• RegardingClinton,mostAmericans:– Disapproved ofhispersonal morals
– Likedmostofhis political andeconomic polices– Wanted himtostay inoffice
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IX.ScandalandImpeachment(cont.)
• Inearly1999forfirsttimein130years,impeachmentproceedinginU.S.Senate
• Factswidelyknown• Politicalpositionsoftwopartieslockedin• Resultsoftrial:
– Obstruction of justice—5 northeastern Republicans joinedall45Democratic senators invoting notguilty
– 50votes forconviction fell farshort ofconstitutionallyrequired two-third majority
– Voteon perjury chargewas45guilty, 55notguilty
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X.Clinton'sLegacyandthe2000Election
– Clinton'slegacymixed:• Economicpoliciesencouragedgrowthandtradeinrapidlyglobalizingpost-ColdWarworld
• Ascentrist“NewDemocrat”,heconsolidatedReagan-BushrevolutionagainstNewDealliberalism
• Settinglowstandardinpersonalconduct,hereplenishedpubliccynicismaboutpolitics
• In2000,DemocratsstayedonpoliticalcoursesetbyClintonbynominatingV.P.AlbertGoreforpresident
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X.Clinton's Legacyandthe2000Election(cont.)
– GorepickedasrunningmateSenatorJosephLieberman,outspokencriticofClinton'sbehavior• LiebermanfirstJewnominatedtomajornationalticket
– RepublicanchallengerwasGeorgeW.Bush:– Surrounded himself with Washington insiders– Including vice-presidential nominee Richard Cheney– Inclear jabatClinton, promised to“restore dignity to theWhite House”
• Estimatesthatfederalbudgetwouldproducesurplusof$2trillionincomingdecadesetstageforpresidentialcontest
X.Clinton's Legacyandthe2000Election(cont.)
– Candidates' economicviews• Bush:
– Return surplus to“the people” through massive taxcuts– Promote private sectorprograms, suchas school vouchersand reliance on“faith-based” institutions tohelp poor
• Gore:– Proposed small taxcuts
– Targetedatmiddle and lower class people– Strengthen Social Security
• Foreignpolicyhardlyfiguredincampaign
X.Clinton's Legacyandthe2000Election(cont.)
• Election results:• Countrynearlysplitevenlybetweentwocandidates• Florida'selectoralvoteswoulddeterminewinner• 5-weekstandoffoverhowtocountvotesinFlorida
– Democrats arguedsome ballots confusing orhadbeenmisread bymachines; asked for recounts byhand in severalcounties
– Republicans claimedrecounts would be“changing the rulesin themiddle of thegame” and thus thwart ruleof law
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X.Clinton's Legacyandthe2000Election(cont.)
• Afterweeksoflegalbickering,SupremeCourtintervened:
– By five-to-four votealongpartisan lines– Court reasoned that sinceneither Florida's legislature norcourts hadestablished uniform standard forevaluatingdisputed ballots, handcounts amounted tounconstitutional breachofFourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause
– Ruling gaveBush theWhite House but castshadow ofillegitimacy overhis presidency
– Bush officially won Florida by537votes outof6million cast
X.Clinton's Legacyandthe2000Election(cont.)
• Bush'selectoralcount271toGore's266(seeMap40.2)• NationalpopularvotewentdecisivelytoGore:
– Gore:50,999,897 to50,456,002 forBush
• Forfirsttimesince1888,candidatewonWhiteHousewithfewerpopularvotesthanhisopponent
• Deepeningracialpolarizationofpartypolitics:– African Americans voted forGoreoverBush by ratioof10 to1– BlackFloridians claimed election officials interfered with theirvotes
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XI.EPluribus Plures
• Controversial issuesofcolor andculturepervaded realmofideas– Creedof“multiculturalism” startin1970s
• Builton“culturalpluralists” likeHoraceKallenandRandolphBourneofearly1900s
• Celebrateddiversityforitsownsake• Stressedneedtopreserveandpromote,ratherthansquash,varietyofethnicandracialculturesinU.S.A.
XI.EPluribus Plures(cont.)
• Nation'sclassroomsbecamebattlegroundsfordebateoverAmerica'scommitmenttopluralism
• Multiculturalistsattackedtraditionalcurriculumas“Eurocentric”
– Advocated greater focus onachievements ofAfricanAmericans, Latinos, Asian Americans, andNativeAmericans
• Criticsarguedthat:– Too muchstress onethnic difference would comeatexpense ofnational cohesion
– And appreciation ofcommonAmerican values
XI.EPluribus Plures(cont.)
• CensusBureauenliveneddebatein2000whenitallowedrespondentstoidentifythemselveswithmorethanoneofsixstandardracialcategories:
– Black, white, Latino, American Indian, Asian, andNativeHawaiian orother Pacific Islander
• Asnearlysevenmilliondescribedthemselvesasbiracialormultiracial,reflectedrevolutioninattitudestowardrace
– As of1960s, interracial marriagestill illegal in 16states
• Byearly21st century,manyproclaimedprideinmixedracialheritage
– Golfer TigerWoods– Actress Rosario Dawson
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XII.ThePostmodernMind
• Growing comfort with multiplicity energizedcultural andintellectual output
• Eraoftenreferred toas“postmodern” butlotsofdisagreement onexactdefinition
• Condition offragmented perspectives,multiple truths, andconstructed identities
• Rejected rational, totalizing descriptions ofselforworld
XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
– Replacedmodernism'sfaithincertainty,objectivity,andunitywitheclecticcelebrationofdiverseandoverlappingoutlooks
– Postmodernarchitecturemademostvisiblefootprint• RobertVenturiandMichaelGravesreviveddecorativedetailsofearlierhistoricalstyles
• Celebratedmixofarchitecturalelements• FrankGehryusedundulatingsheetsofmetallicskin—
– Guggenheim Museum (1997) in Bilbao, Spain– Walt DisneyConcert Hall (2003) inLosAngeles
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XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
– Postmodernsensibilityshapedotherartforms• ClassicalmusiccomposersJohnAdamsandJohnZorn:
– Brokedown boundaries between “high” and “low” styles– Blended diverse genres and traditions in experimental mix
• ChoreographersStevePaxtonandTwylaTharp:– Paired everydaymovements with classical techniques and gavedancers license to improvise
• Visualartistsalsofelteclecticurge:– Cindy Sherman, JennyHolzer, KaraWalker combined old andnewmedia toconfront, confound, and evenoffendviewer
– JeffKoons andShepard Faireyborrowed industrial materials andpop culture imagery toblurdistinction between highbrow andlowbrow cultures
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XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
– Postmodernliterature,likeart,haddeeprootsinpost-WWIIera• AfterWWII,WilliamS.Burroughs,KurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon:
– Pioneered use ofnon-linear narratives, pastiche forms, parody,andparadox
• MichaelChabon,JeffreyEugenides,andZadieSmith:– Adapted techniques forcontemporary audiences
• DavidFosterWallace,InfiniteJest(1996)• ColsonWhitehead,TheIntuitionist(1999)• Manypostmodernauthorsfemaleand/orpersonsofcolor
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XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
• ToniMorrison:– Bewitching portrait ofmaternal affection amidst horrors ofslavery inBeloved (1987)
– In1993 became firstAfrican American womantowin Nobel Prize for literature
• E.AnnieProulx:– Comical yet tenderportrayal of struggling family in TheShipping News (1993)
• JamesWelch,LeslieMarmonSilko,JoyHarjo,andShermanAlexie:
– Contributed toNativeAmerican literary renaissance thatsought to recover tribal past while reimagining its present
XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
– Immigrantwriters:• PlaywrightDavidHwang,novelistAmyTan• NovelistHaJin,Waiting (1999)andWarTrash(2004)• JhumpaLahiriexploredpainfulrelationshipbetweenimmigrantIndianparentsandAmerican-bornchildren
• Latinowriters:– Junot Diaz's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Brief Wondrous LifeofOscar Wao (2007)bridged Dominican Republic andNew Jersey
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XII.ThePostmodernMind(cont.)
– Onstage,politicalthemesandsocialcommentarypredominated• TonyKushner,AngelsinAmerica(1991)inspiredbyAIDSepidemic
• AswasJonathanLarson'sTonyAward-winningmusicalRent(1996)
• EveEnslerusedcomicintimacytoespousefeministempowermentandendtoviolenceagainstwomeninVaginaMonologues(1996)
XIII.NicheNation
– Postmodernsensibilitiesgreatlyshapedpopularartsofmusic,film,andtelevision• Newcommunicationstechnologyandmediamarketsenabledartiststomixdisparateelements
• Whilecommercialpopculturebecamemicrotargetedandniche-oriented
• HiphopartistsfromPublicEnemytoJay-Z“sampled”beatsandoverlaidthemwithcomplex“rapping”schemes
• “Mash-up” artists– Fused fragments fromsongs ofdifferent musical genres– Remixed onesong's vocaltrackoveranother song'sinstrumentals
XIII.NicheNation(cont.)
– Communicationstechfragmentedconsumingpublicandallowednewvoicestobeheard
– Independentfilmmovementchangedcinema• QuentinTarantino'sPulpFiction (1994)usednonlinearstoryline
– CableTVproducedhigh-qualitydramasforsmalleraudiences;e.g., TheSopranos(1999-2007)
– Comparedtoearlier, fewernationalexperiences– PopculturematchedsocietyatlargeasU.S.A.becamemorepluralist,hybridized,anddiverse
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