chapter 4 the bonds of empire
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History lessonTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER4The Bonds of Empire
1660-1750
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INTRODUCTION
4 major questions:
How did the Glorious Revolution shape relationsbetween England and its North Americancolonies?
What were the most important consequences ofBritish mercantilism for the mainland colonies?
What factors explain the relative strengths of theBritish, French, and Spanish empires in North
America
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INTRODUCTION(CONT.)
What were the most significant results of theEnlightenment and Great Awakening in the Britishcolonies?
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REBELLIONANDWAR, 1660-1713
Introduction
Until the restoration of the Stuart kings in 1660,England made little effort to rule its overseas
territories With the accession of Charles II (ruled from
1660-1685)England sought to expand its empire and trade
Impose royal authority on its colonies
Regulate their economic activities so as to benefitEnglish commercial interests
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ROYALCENTRALIZATION, 1660-1688
Stuart kings wanted to become absolutemonarchs like Louis XIV Rarely called parliament into session Ignored the colonial legislatures
1684=Charles II revoked Massachusettsscharter Between 1686 and 1688, James II consolidated
all of the New England colonies, NY, and NJinto the Dominion of New England Abolished their assemblies Placed full power into the hands of his arbitrary and
dictatorial royal governor (Sir Edmond Andros)
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ROYALCENTRALIZATION, 1660-1688 (CONT.)
The colonists bitterly resented this denial of theirrights
Tensions ran particularly high in Massachusetts andNY
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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689
1688-1689=James IIshigh-handed, pro-Catholic actions led tothe Glorious Revolutionin England He was forced into exile
The throne went toWilliam and Mary Agreed to a limited
monarch and promised tosummon Parliamentannually and respect thecivil liberties of Englishpeople
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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689(CONT.)
When news of the Glorious Revolutionreached America in 1689, New Englandersrebelled against Andros and his councilors
Massachusetts and other colonies appealedto William and Mary for the return of theircharters
The new monarchs dissolved the Dominion of
New England and issued charters granting eachcolony the right to have a representativeassembly
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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689(CONT.)
Massachusettss new charter did not give it as
much independence as it had formerly enjoyed
Its governors would be appointed by the crown, notelected
It would have to tolerate and share power in the colonywith Anglicans
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THEGLORIOUSREVOLUTION, 1688-1689(CONT.)
Leislers Rebellion in New York and John Coodes
uprising in Maryland also were inspired by theGlorious Revolution
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A GENERATIONOFWAR, 1689-1713
British and French fought against each other in 2wars
King Williams War (War of the League of Augsburg)
Queen Annes War (War of the Spanish Succession)
Most of the fighting was done in Europe
Some fighting happened in North America
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A GENERATIONOFWAR, 1689-1713 (CONT.)
Peace returned in 1713
France still controlled the North American interior
English colonist felt a heightened sense of British
identity and dependence on their mother countrysprotection from their powerful neighbor
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COLONIALECONOMICSANDSOCIETIES,1660-1750
Mercantilist Empires in America Mercantilism=each nations power was measured by its
wealth, especially in gold
Followed by Britain, France, and Spain
The country should produce within its own empire asmuch of what it needed as possible
Its exports to foreign competitors should exceed itsimports
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
To achieve the goals of mercantilism
British Parliament passed a series of lawsknown as the Navigation Acts
1651 to 1733 Required all trade to be conducted on British-
owned ships
Prohibited Americans from selling certain
products (tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, and navalstores) to foreign countries unless they firstpassed through England
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
Navigation Acts (cont.)
Placed high taxes on products that Americans boughtfrom outside the empire (i.e. molasses from FrenchCaribbean)
Forbade colonials form competing with British clothingmanufactures
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
Navigation Acts (cont.)
Parliament intended these laws to benefit only England,the acts in practice did not unduly hamper the colonists
The laws cut into the profits of rice and tobacco planters
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
Benefits of Navigation Acts
Shipping had to be done on British vessels and thisstimulated the growth of Americas merchant marine,
shipbuilding, and ports
Bounties paid to producers of hemp, lumber, and otheritems under the Navigation Acts encouraged thedevelopment of those industries in the colonies
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
The restrictions on large-scale manufacturing didlittle harm, since only home production and smallworkshops were economically feasible in America
http://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.html
http://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.htmlhttp://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.htmlhttp://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.htmlhttp://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.htmlhttp://www.usahistory.info/colonial/Navigation-Acts.html -
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
French and Spanish colonies in NorthAmerica did not develop nearly as robusteconomies as the British
New France Main export was furs
By 18th century furs did not bring much profit
French govt. even underwrote the fur-trading
with the Indians in order to keep on good termswith their Native American allies
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MERCANTILISTEMPIRESINAMERICA(CONT.)
Spanish colonies
Colonists smuggled British and French products
Did very little manufacturing
Mercantilist principles did not work well forFrance and Spain because they did nothave the large merchant class with liquidassets to invest in the colonies and other
commercial ventures Great Britain could do this
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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY
French and Spanish colonies in NA lagged behindthe British in population growth as well as economicdevelopment
1750
British North America had 1.1 million
New France had 60,000
Spanish North America had 19,000
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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY(CONT.)
Religion British opened their colonies to all Europeans of
whatever religion
French and Spanish barred non-Catholics and made noeffort to attract settlers from countries other than theirown
The steady growth of the British colonies outpacednot only their European rivals, but also Britain itself
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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY(CONT.)
After 1700, British North America grewrapidly from both natural increase and thearrival of newcomers.
18th century immigrants came less from
England and more from other places (pg.97) Africans brought on slave ships Scots-Irish, Irish, and Germans
Many of the Europeans came as indentured
servantsEnglish colonies became more racially and
ethnically diverse (not always welcomed byall English colonist)
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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY(CONT.)
Most 18th century white immigrants were too poorto buy land in the already developed coastal areasso they pushed into the Piedmont region
Eastern slope of the Appalachians
By 1750 1/3 of colonial population lived there
Map on page 96
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POPULATIONGROWTHANDDIVERSITY(CONT.)
From 1713 to 1754, the importation of slaves to themainland was greatly increased
Black colonial population rose from 11% to 20 %
Most slaves lived in the South
15% were in the colonies north of MD
African American population also multipliedthrough natural increase
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RURALWHITEMENANDWOMEN
Worked small farms
Depended on the labor of their sons
Supplemental production from wives and
daughters Clothing
Vegetables
Poultry
Few inherited landYoung couples at first
Worked for others
Borrow $$$$ to buy own farms
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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT
Rapidly cut down the forests
Bring more land under cultivation
Uses of timber Fences
Fuel Buildings
Sold wood to townspeople
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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT(CONT.)
Results of deforestation
Drove away large game
Greater extremes in temperature
Less dependable water levels in streams
Reduced amount of fish
Dried and hardened the soil
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COLONIALFARMERSANDTHEENVIRONMENT(CONT.)
Farmers grew tobacco and other soil-depletingplants
Did not use fertilizer
No crop rotation or letting field lie fallow
Land lost fertility
Yields seriously diminished
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THEURBANPARADOX
1740--4% of colonists lived in cities
Philadelphia, New York, Boston, CharlesTown (Charleston today)
Thriving ports Shipped livestock, grain, and lumber that
enriched the countryside
Escalating problems
Urban poverty, crowding, poor sanitation,periodic epidemics of contagious diseases
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THEURBANPARADOX(CONT.)
Women in cities
Middle-class women ran complex households thatincluded servants, slaves, and apprentices
sewing, knitting, daily trips to public market, family
businesses, etc. Most had at least 1 household servant
Help with cooking, cleaning, laundering
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SLAVERY
The economic progress of colonial Americameant that most masters could afford tokeep their slaves healthier.
For the slaves=meant heavier workloadsand longer lives Worked harder and longer and had lower
standards of living than whites
Masters generally spent 60% more tomaintain their white indentured servantsthan their black slaves
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SLAVERY(CONT.)
The number of slaves residing in citiesmounted
20% of population in NYC
Majority of population in Charles Town andSavannah
urban racial tensions ran high
1739 Stono Rebellion in South Carolina
1712 and 1741 slave conspiracies in NY
Almost all rebellions by slaves weresuppressed by frightened whites
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THERISEOFTHECOLONIALELITES
In the 18th century, class differences werebecoming more apparent in America
Wealthy rural gentry and urban commercialelites attempted to imitate the fashions and
lifestyles of the European upper class Bought expensive chinaware Learned formal dances Studied foreign languages
Cultivated the manners of the gentry Some even sent sons abroad to study Growing taste for British consumer goods
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COMPETINGFORACONTINENT, 1713-1750
France and the American Heartland After 1713, France resumed building its empire in North
America 1718=founded New Orleans
Made it the capital of Louisiana province
Farming, hunting, fishing, trading with Indians
Alliances with the Choctaws in LA
Tried to win over Native American trading partners in theOhio Valley and Great Plains
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FRANCEANDTHEAMERICANHEARTLAND(CONT.)
Several French posts in the Ohio Valley becamesizable villages housing Indians, French, andmixed-ancestry metis
Generally more successful in getting along with the
Indians than the British, the French also crushedtribes that stood in their way such as the Natchez
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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION
The Carolinians met resistance from the Indiantribes on whose lands they were encroaching,culminating in the Tuscarora (1711-1713) andYamasee (1715) wars
Those tribes were driven from the area Tuscarora moved to upstate New York and joined the Iroquois
Confederacy
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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION(CONT.)
Covenant Chain
Series of treaties
Aided the colonists fight for lands
Solidifying Iroquois power among Native Americans
throughout the Northeast http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantch
ain.htm
http://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htmhttp://www.iroquoisdemocracy.pdx.edu/html/covenantchain.htm -
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NATIVEAMERICANSANDBRITISHEXPANSION(CONT.)
Pennsylvania coerced the Delaware Indians intoceding their lands and moving into territory adjacentto that of the Iroquois
Other eastern tribes also were pushed westward
they were used by the Iroquois as buffer betweenthemselves and the aggressive English
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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH: GEORGIA
Georgia was the last of theoriginal 13 colonies to beestablished on the NorthAmerican mainland
Only one to received somefinancial support from theBritish govt.
James Oglethorpe founder Haven for English debtors Outpost protecting the
Carolinas from the Spanish
empire to the south
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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH:GEORGIA(CONT.)
1733=Savannah was established 1740=2,800 settlers there
Most were not English debtors
1/2 were not English
German, Swiss, Scottish, Jewish
Society of industrious small farmers
Able to defend themselves from attack
Banned African slavery
Limited size of landholdings
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BRITISHEXPANSIONINTHESOUTH:GEORGIA(CONT.)
Settlers switched to rice cultivation to make a profit
Needed large farms and slaves
1750 restrictions were dropped
Attracted more settles and developed a boomingplantation-slave economy
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SPAINSBORDERLANDS
Spain spread its empire throughout the Southwestand part of the Southeast
European population in New Mexico grew veryslowly
Navajo and Apache raids ceased
Those tribes made an alliance with the Spanish againstthe Utes and Comanches
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SPAINSBORDERLANDS(CONT.)
Texas Spanish established outposts and missions (including
the Alamo)
Indians in Texas traded more with the French Did not like to farm for the Spanish
Periodic raids on the province by the French andComanches discouraged Hispanic settlement in TexasAs late as 1760, only 1,200 Spaniards lived there
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SPAINSBORDERLANDS(CONT.)
The Spanish attempted to weaken the BritishCarolinas and Georgia by offering freedom toEnglish-owned slaves who fled to their colony ofFlorida
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THERETURNOFWAR, 1739-1748
War among the imperial rivals for NorthAmerica resumed in 1739
First war was between British and Spanishover the Florida-Georgia border
This war merged with the larger War of theAustrian Succession (King Georges War)(1740-1748)
Only one battle on North American soilduring King Georges War Battle of Louisbourg which was on the St.
Lawrence
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THERETURNOFWAR, 1739-1748 (CONT.)
New Englanders seized Louisbourg from theFrench
In the peace treaty (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle) theBritish returned Louisbourg for an outpost the
French had taken in India Many Americans felt lingering resentment over how
little England appreciated the lives they hadsacrificed to gain Louisbourg
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PUBLICLIFEINBRITISHAMERICA, 1689-1750
Colonial Politics Shift from royal governors and appointed officials
to the representative colonial assembliesMost important political result of the Glorious Revolution
and the adoption of the English Bill of Rights in British
America These legislative bodies exercised influence over
the governors by controlling their salaries,authorized spending, imposed taxes, etc.
America (at least the upper class) became more
and more self-governing (except for traderegulations, restrictions on printing money, anddeclaring war)
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COLONIALPOLITICS(CONT.)
Wealthy elites dominated colonial politics Elected to the colonial assemblies Appointed to the governors councils Appointed to judgeships in the courts
Women, blacks, Indians could NOT vote orhold office
Property qualifications excluded about 40%of white males from voting and holding
officeProportion of men who did have the vote
was higher than in England and Irelandduring the same time period
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THEENLIGHTENMENT
American intellectualswere influenced by theideals of the 18th
century Enlightenment Emphasized reason,
progress, science, andcapacity for human
improvement
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THEENLIGHTENMENT(CONT.)
Skeptical of beliefs not founded on scienceor strict logic
Mostly in cities
Circulated the latest European books,investigated nature, conducted experiments
Some were Deists (believed in a god whocreated the universe and set it in motion
according to natural laws discoverable byhuman intellect but who did not intervenethereafter with miracles
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THEENLIGHTENMENT(CONT.)
Franklin and Jefferson were Deists
Formally attended church and called themselvesChristians
Enlightened intellectuals took a dim view of theemotional excesses of the Great Awakening
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THEGREATAWAKENING
1740s an outpouring of passionate Christian revivalism
Across all 13 colonies
Jonathan Edwards, William Tennent, Theodore
Frelinghuysen, George Whitefield Colonists repented and seek salvation
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GEORGEWHITEFIELD
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THEGREATAWAKENING(CONT.)
Many new colleges were founded toeducate ministers
Princeton (Presbyterian)
Columbia (Kings College) (Anglican) Brown (Baptist)
Dartmouth (Congregationalist)
Insistence on the equality of all born-again
Christians in Gods eyes and the corruptionof unsaved upper-class leaders
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CONCLUSION
By 1750, the British mainland colonies had:
grown prosperous,
established representative governments,
upper-and middle class intellectuals participating in the
developing of new ideas sweeping Europe known as theEnlightenment
Anglo-American society was also torn by class,race, and religious tensions
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CONCLUSION(CONT.)
The imperial wars that Britain fought with the aid ofthe colonists between 1739 and 1748 both drew
Americans closer to the mother country andspawned some resentment about British lack of
appreciation for Americans contributions