chapter 4 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

CHAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE

Part I: Vocabulary Terms: Define the following terms toughly. This means that each term must be defined using the five W’s at a minimum. What are the five W’s?

What is it? When did it occur? Where was it? Who was it or who was influenced by it? Why is this term important to the time or what is its lasting impact?

Terms1. Freehold

2. Quakers

3. European Enlightenment

4. Deism

5. Revival

6. Great Awakening

7. French And Indian War

8. Albany Congress

9. Treaty Of Paris (1763)

10. South Carolina Regulators

Section 2: Short Answers1. In what ways were the lives of women and men in New England similar? In what ways

were they different?

2. Who were the new migrants to the Middle Colonies? Why did they leave Europe? What were their goals in British North America?

3. What were the main issues that divided the ethnic and religious groups of the Middle Colonies?

4. How did the Baptist Insurgency in Virginia challenge conventional assumptions about race, gender, and class?

5. What impacts did the Industrial Revolution in England have on the American Colonies?

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6. What were the causes of unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-eighteenth century?

Section 3: Summary Questions1. How did the three mainland regions in British North America New England, the Middle

Colonies and The South become more like one another between 1720 and 1750? In what ways did they become increasingly different? Form these comparisons what conclusions can you draw about the character of American Society in mid-eighteenth century?

2. Compare and contrast the ethnic complexity of the Middle Colonies with the racial (and in the backcountry, the ethnic) diversity of the Southern Colonies. What conflicts did this diversity cause?

Freehold

A Freehold Society is where women are subordinated, men who migrate to colonies gain

land, economic motivation to marriages, brides give land and money to husband, father's

duty to provide inheritance, grain to livestock, land divided between children, and the

people looked to the west for land.

1630’s

New England

Puritans and many other migrants

The Freehold Society was important because the people had their own land outright,

without any higher authority, landlord or creditor to answer to in terms of ownership of

the land. It wasn’t like it used to be where they couldn’t own many things and have

products for their own benefits. In that society they could own and have much more

liberty.

Quakers

Quakers initially were marked by relative eco equality and became the dominant social group at first because of numbers and later because of wealth and influence. They believed that every person can experience an inner light given by God led to the founding of the Religious Society of Friends.

1680’s

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Pennsylvania

William Penn (1644-1718) received a large land grant in payment for a debt the crown

owed his family.

The Quakers were important because they had to deal with many people who were

nonconformists, and accepted them and man y others when other communities would not

accept them. The Quakers in Pennsylvania accepted the Indians as citizens. Also, the

Quakers brought the beginning of the culture in Pennsylvania and the Americas because

they sort of started churches, preached religious acceptance and believed in peace, and

there are still signs of their culture in the America.

European Enlightenment

The European Enlightenment is a European intellectual movement that applied the

lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to

open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human

society. Along with the Great Awakening promoted independent thinking and helped

transform American intellectual and cultural life. Newton, Locke, Franklin.

18th century

Europe

Science & scientist like Isaac Newton and writers like John Locke were challenging the

old order

The European Enlightenment was important because it was an age where people were

enlightened because they opposed all forms of ignorance, prejudice, and superstition, as

these were well-known in social institutions, especially Christianity. The Enlightenment

expresses the value of using reason to improve the quality of life. So, science was most

respected if it made a practical application.

Deism

Deism is a belief that God had created the world but allowed it to operate in accordance

with the laws of nature. Deism is not a religion, but a religious philosophy. It develops

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the theory that God exists and he created the universe, but does not interfere in the affairs

of humankind. Deists generally place their trust in reason and contempt exposure as well

as the teachings of a specific church.

Deism emerged during the Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries.

It Initially started in England, later in France and other European countries, and then in

America

Washington, Franklin, Jefferson and Paine were prominent deists in 18th century

America

Deism was important because the ones who believe in the religious philosophy were

deists and were allowed to be individualists and free thinkers at the same time. Deism is a

very open-minded method to the concept of there being a higher being.

Revival

The Religious revival was a renewal of attention to spiritual faith and service in a church

and/or community, typically following a period of comparative inactivity and frequently

marked by powerful dedication. It was an outburst of religious enthusiasm, often driven

by the preaching of a charismatic Baptist or Methodist minister. The Great Awakening of

the 1740s was significant, but it was the revival that swept across the United States

between the 1790s and 1850s that imparted a deep religiosity to the culture. Subsequent

revivals in the 1880s and 1890s and in the late twentieth century helped maintain a strong

evangelical Protestant culture in America.

18th century

Religious and Christian believers

Massachusetts and Connecticut were founded as havens for a Puritanized Protestantism

and Pennsylvania as a ideal example for religious acceptance

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The religious Revival was important because during these periods is when people started

to think differently on the religion they were following and have diverse thoughts on how

religions work. It also had a movement, especially an evangelical Christian that seeks to

revive faith and hopes. So, it really had an impact on religious people and the society they

were in.

Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening is a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the

American colonies, especially in New England. Had a profound impact on the course of

the United States, especially during the latter half of the Eighteenth Century. Although

not widely spoken of in modern times, the Great Awakening was a movement rooted in

spiritual growth which brought a national identity to Colonial America.

Around 1730’s to 1770

American colonies, mainly in New England.

Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, John Calvin & Protestants

The Great Awakening was important because of the rebellion against authoritarian

religious rule that spilled over into other areas of colonial life. Among the growing

population of the colonies and mass public meetings, compelling characters such as

Whitefield and Tennent moved to deliver their messages. The religious movement had

consequences in cultural and political ranges as well. Practices and mind-sets were

changed by the Awakening like never before.

French And Indian War

The French and Indian War or also refereed as the Seven Years War was a last of series

of Imperial Wars between European countries. Had a dramatic consequence in North

America where portions of the French and English empires were conflicting. English

colonists wanted to move but they were blocked. The French claimed territory and

supported those of North America. This ended with the Treaty of Paris.

1754 - 1763

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Eastern North America (but this countries were involved: Austria, England, France, Great

Britain, Prussia, and Sweden )

The French and British were involved in a dispute over the Ohio River territory and the

allegiance of the Native American people nations found there. The people involved also

included Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Vaudreuil, and Francois de Lignery.

The French and Indian war was important because they caused an extraordinary growth

of the colonies from a population of 250,000 in 1700, to over a million by the 1750’s.

Britain required raw materials including copper, hemp, tar, and turpentine. They also

needed a great amount of money, and so they provided that all of these American

products be shipped exclusively to England through the Navigation Acts.

Albany Congress

The Albany Congress had a daily meeting at the City Hall and the official delegates from

seven colonies considered strategies for Indian diplomacy and to put forth the Albany

Plan of Union that was to prepare a unified colonial resistance against the French and

their Indian allies. The meetings brought Benjamin Franklin and other significant

Americans to Albany and opened up a national community to the outside world.

June 19-July 11, 1754

Met in Albany, New York

Benjamin Franklin and Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson

The Albany Congress was important because the plan called for the creation of new ways

of governing, including a president-general who would be chosen by the Crown and use

extensive powers over relationships with the natives, making war and governing the

frontier areas until new colonies were created.

Treaty Of Paris (1763)

The Treaty Of Paris was a treaty that officially ended the French and Indian War. The

British increased control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies to the Mississippi

River. The French decided to no longer support any colonies in North America, as well as

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all of Canada. Since Spain had joined the war with France, the Spanish were also forced

to give up their claim to Florida. The area of North America to the north and east of the

Mississippi River was now under British rule. But the Spanish still held their territory

west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America.

1763

Paris

Signed by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain.

The Treaty Of Paris was important because England gained massive amounts of land and

France lost almost all of its land in North America and the treaty ended the seven year

war in North America.

South Carolina Regulators

The South Carolina Regulators was a Regulator movement among groups interested in

creating law and order. Fugitive gangs were in the area and the congress was

unsuccessful several times in providing peace. Establishments of citizens were formed to

regulate governmental concerns and ultimately worked the courts in some districts.

1760s

Western South Carolina

Was organized by background settlers

The South Carolina Regulators was important because they conveyed criminals to justice

and set up judges to resolve legal arguments. The assembly and the governor did not

attempt to crush the movement.

Section 2: Short Answers

1. In what ways were the lives of women and men in New England similar? In what

ways were they different?

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The lives of women and men in New England were similar in that both followed strict religious

values, generated families as the foundation of Puritan society, and practiced agriculture and

farming. However, the differences among them were infinite because women were always

inferior to males. As usual, men controlled families and society in law and custom. Women

raised their children and cared for the home. Women practiced the native arts like spinning and

weaving. Men didn’t have to follow many traditional constraints of European society. But, then

between 1700 and 1776, the gender roles in colonial America change. Women were

progressively engaged in the values and attitudes of a patriarchal system and as the farm size

decreased, women had fewer kids. Women played a significant part in the Great Awakening in

both the North and the South. Although, women had several importance, customs, laws, and

attitudes about women did not really change and women continued inferior to men in society.

2. Who were the new migrants to the Middle Colonies? Why did they leave Europe?

What were their goals in British North America?

The new migrants included scot-Irish Presbyterians, English and Welsh Quakers, German

Lutherans and Moravians, and Dutch reformed Protestants. The migrants left Europe because the

religious liberty in Europe was strict and had to follow certain rules, whereas in the American

Colonies they were more liberal and free. Also, the abundant fertile land attracted the migrants

and grain exports to Europe and the West Indies financed the colonies’ rapid settlement. What

the migrants wanted in the British North American land was to farm and have agriculture so they

can trade to Europe. The income earned from the exports of gran and many other products and

crops pain for English manufactures, which the settlement in the Middle Colonies imported in

large quantities after 1750.

3. What were the main issues that divided the ethnic and religious groups of the

Middle Colonies?

Some of the issues that divided the religious groups of the Middle Colonies included language,

cultural heritage, religious beliefs, political allegiances, and marriage choices. Since the migrants

were coming from Europe, they had diverse religions, beliefs, traditions and languages, so that

made it hard to be around each other and it was difficult for them to agree since they had

dissimilar viewpoints.

4. How did the Baptist Insurgency in Virginia challenge conventional assumptions

about race, gender, and class?

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The Baptist General Convention of Virginia through its permanent ministry staff and trained

volunteers provide planetary ministry through conferences, events, retreats, written resources and

modified workshops that happened. It also gave poor white farmers consolation and hope in a

troubled world, calling into question their class respect and dissimilarity with rich planters in

politics and society. Slaves and women were welcome at Baptist revivals, which challenged male

rule and white sovereignty.

5. What impacts did the Industrial Revolution in England have on the American

Colonies?

Before the Industrial Revolution America was an agricultural society. Nearly everybody farmed.

But after the Industrial Revolution, more people were living in cities and worked in factories

than ever before. Cities grew larger and more populated, which provoked the rise of better

transportation, land speculation, and a real estate boom. So, the way of living developed into a

better one. The Industrial Revolution created a “consumer revolution” that raised the living

standard of many Americans but landed many in debt for the first time, making Americans more

reliant on overseas creditors and international economic conditions.

6. What were the causes of unrest in the American backcountry in the mid-eighteenth

century?

The major cause of unrest in the backcountry in this time period was dissatisfaction with the act

of the colonial governments. The colonial governments were run by elites from the coasts and

the backcountry people felt that these elites were insensitive to their needs. They wanted the

government to do more to protect them. In addition, backcountry people sometimes felt cheated

and abused by the coastal elites. Also, other cause of the unrest in the American backcountry

was that Indian threats of resistance to land taking by white farmers, interior arguments between

colonists in the Eastern portion of the colonies with Westerners over Indian policy,

disagreements over political representation with low-country Southern slave planters, debt and

tax collection disagreements with more Eastern elites, religious practices, and extensive crime

and chaos.

Section 3: Summary Questions

1. How did the three mainland regions in British North America New England, the

Middle Colonies and The South become more like one another between 1720 and

1750? In what ways did they become increasingly different? Form these

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comparisons what conclusions can you draw about the character of American

Society in mid-eighteenth century?

The three mainland regions in British North America New England, the Middle Colonies and

The South became more like one another between 1720 and 1750 in that they increases

migration from England populated the colonies with British people. The Great Awakening and

Enlightenment impacted populations of each colony to think about religion and politics more

alike and nonspiritual expressions. The French and Indian War United Colonies in policies

against Britain and each colony took land from Indians but the lack of land over time for large

colonial populations produced lower class anger to gentry’s leaders. They became increasingly

different in that there was a setting of slavery in Southern Colonies and a reduction in Northern

and Middle Colonies, creating an ethnic class system in the South. Also, New England continued

to be a region of Puritan farm families while Baptists tested Anglican reign in the South. I can

draw characters of American Society in mid-18th century in 1750 that there was an increase of

individual freedom that was responded by the use of involuntary labor, such as slavery and

Indentured Servitude. The country farming economy provided fewer chances for economic

progress over time. Society was suffering a major social force of political and social change in

the form of slavery. Migrants were stimulating the power of local and colonial levels that

resulted in the Great Awakening and a decline of direct British control of the colonies during the

18th century.

2. Compare and contrast the ethnic complexity of the Middle Colonies with the racial

(and in the backcountry, the ethnic) diversity of the Southern Colonies. What

conflicts did this diversity cause?

Ethnic complexity of the Middle Colonies with the racial diversity of the Southern Colonies

conflicts included religious disputes like Baptist insurgency during the Great Awakening, racial

disputes regarding slavery, political disputes regarding control of colonial assemblies, and land

disputes between Native Americans and British colonists. The conflicts created many

disagreements that brought war to the country and devastating consequences.

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