chapter 4 public policy latest (2)

CHAPTER 4POLICY FORMULATIONPREPARED BY:FARAHSAHIRA BINTI ROSLAN 2014807556NURUL DIYANA BINTI AMIRALAM 2014275668NURUL WAHIDAH BINTI SHAMSUDIN 2014835682

PREPARED FOR:MISS JALILAH BT JAAFAR SIDEK

CLASS: MC248S3A

Policy process - pertinent and acceptable courses - dealing with some particular public problem - identified and enacted into law.

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC FORMULATION

5 types of policy solution:1)Inducements2)Rules3)Facts4)Rights5)Powers

THE NATURE OF POLICY SOLUTIONS

Requirement of the political and social structure and the future demand of the nations.

Malaysia is a multi-ethnic society, so need to taking into consideration-political, social, and economic.

Malaysian political system is based on Parliamentary Democracy-Yang Di-Pertuan Agong (YDPA) as the Supreme Head of the country.

Federal Constitution (FC) divides into three authority : legislative, judicial, and executive.

Separation of power and check and balance’s doctrine are stated in FC.

PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA

Policy can be created through one or combination of three process : Political channel - the policy is initiated through recommendation of several political reigning process. Administrative processes - it happens in ministerial level. The drafted policy is discussed at several high-level government meetings. Integrated Aproach - it combines both processes. Special comittees may be set up to study the policy in-depth before present it to the Cabinet.

PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA

The most important councils :a) National Development Council (NDC)b) National Economic Council (NEC)c) National Security Council (NSC)d) National Development Planning

Committee (NDPC)

COORDINATING AGENCIES IN MALAYSIA

Action policy create through legal action, planning, program and project.

In all stages of Outline Perspective Plan (OPP) 5 years – Development Program will be enforced : Eighth Malaysian Development Plan (2001-2005).

Normally case of economic planning involve in a long-term measure :

a)Outline Perspective Plan (OPP1) 20 years (1970-1990) – New Economic Policy (NEP).

b)Outline Perspective Plan (OPP2) 10 years (1991-2000) – New Development Policy (NDP).

c)Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3) 10 years (2001-2010) – Vision Development Policy.

POLICY – SHORT AND LONG TERM

ACTORS IN POLICY

FORMULATION(US & MALAYSIA)

Governmental Agencies (US)Developed policy proposal by career bureaucrats rather in the congress.Expertise in specific areas of public policy-particularly good position.New agency proposal to remedy previous legislation.Provide information to congress and becomes the basis for legislation.The Politician and Governments Public Administrators (MALAYSIA)Refine as the Cabinet ministers, members of parliament, and high-level of government officials.Responsible in ensuring the success of the policy implementation.

ACTORS IN POLICY FORMULATION

The Presidency (US)President involved in the policy formulation process-presidential commissions, task forces, interegency committees, and other arrangements.President personally involved.

Prime Minister (MALAYSIA)Chief of Cabinet.Create and plan government policy.Responsible in administration of Malaysia.


Congress (US)The institution that is most commonly associated with policy formulation - through the development of new legislation.Congressional committees and congressional staff - allow substantial involvement.New organizations - Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) -Congressional Research Service (CRS) - Congressional Budget Office (CBO) - give congress a greater voice.

Cabinets (MALAYSIA)Draft - discussion with other ministers and central agencies (Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning Unit, Implementation and Coordination Unit) to get advice recommend.Bill usually prepared one month before Parliament session.After information gather, in Cabinet weekly meeting (Wednesday) Minister give approval after getting clearance from Cabinet Secretariat.After debate, the bill will submit to YDPA for the Royal Assent.


Interest Group (US)Most frequently mentioned determinants - role and influence of interest group.Pluralism - shaped by bargaining, negotiation, and compromise. V. O. Key:“group interest are the animating forces in the political process;an understanding of American Politics requires a knowledge of the chief interest and their stake in public policy”.Founding Fathers - the idea of interest group can be traced back.Arthur Bentley argued- In the Process of Government - “there no political phenomena except group phenomena.Theodore Lowi argued - “interest group liberalism” - produced situation-undue power - structure policy outcomes (characterized by corruption, backroom, a lack of long-range palnning, and injusticed).


Interest Group (MALAYSIA)A group of individual who form the interest group to put forth their ideas and needs for government consideration.Can get strong public support trough campaign and activities.Consists of academic professionals and social cultural groups.Example : Human Right Institution of Malaysia (SUHAKAM)

The Public (MALAYSIA)Act individually or form interest groups.


EXPLAINING POLICY

FORMULATION(US & MALAYSIA)

Rational-Comprehensive Model (US)Model of decison making – assumption – individuals make decision – rational calculation : cost and benefits.The components which include in this model :1. The decision maker confronted with problem2. Goals, values and objectives are clarified and ranked3. A set of alternative policies4. The consequences from the selection are investigated5. Each alternative can be calculated and compared6. The decision maker chooses that maximizes his or her goals, values or objectives.

EXPLAINING POLICY FORMULATION

Rational-Comprehensive Model (MALAYSIA) A process for making logically-sound decision in the public

sector. Intended to achieve “maximum social gain” - the gain must

exceeds cost. Steps to achieve rational decision :a)Intelligence gathering.b)List of possible to resolve the identified

problem.c)Alternatives are evaluated.


All Resources Needed for Pure-Rationality

Process

1. Establishment of complete set of operational goals with weights

INPUT

3. Preparation of complete set of

alternative policies

4. Preparation of complete set of

predictions of benefits and costs for each

alternative.5. Calculation of net expectation for each

alternative

6. Comparison of net expectations and identification of

alternative(s) with highest net expectation.

OUTPUT

All Data Needed for Pure-Rationality

Process

2. Establishment of complete inventory of other values

and resources with weights.

Pure-Rationality

Policy (Policies)

The Incremental Model (US) Incrementalism views public policy formulation continuation of past government activities with only minor modifications.Constraints of time, intelligence, and cost prevent policy makers from identifying the full range of policy. The key assumption of this model:1.Decision makers do not have sufficient prective capabilities.2.Decision makers accept the legitimacy of previous policies.3.Sunk costs prevent serious consideration.4.Incrementalism reduces conflict.5.The characteristics of the decision makers more suited to incremental model.


Incremental Model (MALAYSIA) Views public policy as a continuation of past government

activities. Costs and benefits for dealing with a problem in public policy

is time-consuming & expensive. Policy-makers accepts :a)The legitimacy of established programme. b)Previous policy.c)In this model, only a base and small changes are considered

by existing programmes or policies.


The Systems Model (US)Developed by biologist then applied to the study of politics by David Easton.His suggests that public policy formation affected by demand for new policies or support for the existing policies.Demands and supports then acted on by a political system or conversion mechanism.Inputs (demands and supports) are converted by the processes of the political system (legislatures, the courts) into outputs (policies or decisions) and these have consequences for the system and for the environment.Demands may be internal to the system (political parties or interest group) @ external to the system (ecology, the economy, culture, demography).


Support includes action help the system operate and help to sustain it

Support is derived from three directions :1. the political community 2. the regime or rules of the game3. the government itself A political system generates support by meeting demands of

the polity. The outputs of the system (political decision or public policy)

create support when they satisfy demands or when system members perceive the government.


System Model (MALAYSIA) View as system output. A response of a political system where the forces initiated

from the environment itself.


THE SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK

ENVIRONMENT

INPU

TS

DEMANDS

SUPPORTPOLITICAL SYSTEM

DECISIONS OR POLICIES

OUTPUTS

FEEDBACK

Elite Model (MALAYSIA)Views public policy as preference, priorities, values and interests.Suggest that people passive, apathetic, ill-informed and easily manipulated.Elites shape mass (public).Elites make public policy by themselves.


ELITE MODEL (MALAYSIA)

Institutional Model (MALAYSIA) This model is authoritatively determined,

implemented and enforced by political institutions.

Policy is not a policy-adopted by government institutions.

Government policies are generally regarded as legal obligations.

Extend to all people.


Group Model (MALAYSIA) Views politics as a struggle among various

group in a society to influence public policy. Policy-makers constantly respond to group

pressures and balancing conflicting interests in society.

Public policy is the equilibrium reached in the group struggle.


CASE STUDYDYNAMICS OF POLICY-MAKING IN MALAYSIA : THE FORMULATION OF

THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY & THE

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY

(HO KHAI LEONG)

About how to integrated the policy.National Development Policy(NDP) is the continuation of the NEP. It is the ongoing thrust of NEP in eradicating poverty and restructering society.

DYNAMICS OF POLICY-MAKING IN MALAYSIA: THE FORMULATION OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY &

THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY

First Phase : Public RhetoricBegan in the mid-1980s- public pronouncement by interest groups and political parties.It is about weaknesses or strengths and negative or positive impact of the NEP.For those who apposed the NEP(Chinese-based political parties and interest groups) – saw the NEP as the most divisive policy ever devised.

CONT’…

Second Phase : The Setting Up of the National Economic Consultative CouncilWas a rather unusual forum for problem-solving for the development of a common economic policy.Policy proposal in the NECC proceed in two stages: a)The review stageb)Formulation stage

CONT’…

Third Phase : Drafting the Plan in the Economic Planning Unit(EPU) Cabinet Economic Comitee was given the task of formulating policy proposal in June 1990. On June 11, 1991- MCA President, Lim Liong Sik announced- Cabinet had form a comittee to deal with the formulation of the NEP.(OPP2)-May 17, 1991 Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Dr.Mahathir, cabinet- agreed in principle not to take NECC proposal “word for word” but only “line of thought”.

CONT’…

May 22- Cabinet : Meeting at Kuching, Sarawak approved draft OPP2.

RMK-6 Tabled in Parliament on 24th July but pased on July 30 after 4 days debate- change in name of new policy NDP.

3 indication- Bureaucrats EPU at the Prime Minister’s Department were working independently of the NECC in drafting the OPP2

CONT’…

Policy Formulation Process AnalyzedPublic agenda (systematic)- issues on which a majority of citizens are sufficiently concerned about to make representationsFormal agenda (governmental)- items on which government wants to act.Policy formulation evolved very differently- blurring the role of NECC- an apparent shift from the Council towards the Cabinet and Prime Minister’s Department.

CONT’…

Final decision phase made by Prime Minister’s Department

NECC performed some important tasks : mapped technical terrain, injected ideas, socialized and mobilized experts, orchestrated positions & intermittently pushed and prodded interest groups.

Distinction between 2nd phase and 3rd phase (public agenda vs official agenda) is clear.

2nd phase- “ let it happen” but 3rd phase “made it happen”

Policy considered only 3rd phase where proposals- set on decision agenda.

CONT’…

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE ECONOMIC PLANNING UNIT (EPU) OF THE PRIME MINISTER’S DEPARTMENT, MALAYSIA

ECONOMIC PLANNING UNITDirector

General

Macro Planning Division

Macro Economics Human Resources Regional Economics Distribution

Foreign Investment Committee

Special Team on Privatization

Legal Adviser

External Assistance/Gener

al Services

Secretariat NDP Committee

Computer Services

Administration &

Finance

Sector Planning Division

Social ServicesCommerce &

IndustryAgricultureInfrastructure &

UtilitiesEnergyDevelopment Budget

MALAYSIA: FORMULATION OF THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY

Parliament CabinetPrime Minister’sDepartment- Economic Planning Unit

NECC

1. Consider general approach to formulation

2. Review impact and performance of new Economic Policy

Working groups drafting detailsPrepare draft

Final ReportDiscuss report

Comment on Report

Final Plan

Deliberations

1. Review of NEP

2. Working groups drafting details of proposals.

Final Report “DEPAN

THANK YOU

chapter 4 public policy latest (2)

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