chapter 4: neo-analytic and ego aspects of personality: identity this multimedia product and its...

Chapter 4:

Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects of Personality: Identity

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Carl Jung

The mind/psyche has three parts:

◦Ego◦The personal unconscious◦The collective unconscious


Carl Jung

Parts of the mind:

Ego◦The conscious part of personality◦Embodies the sense of self◦Similar to Freud’s concept of ego


Carl JungParts of the mind:

The personal unconscious◦Contains thoughts that are not

currently part of conscious awareness

◦Not only threatening and unacceptable material, but all non-conscious material

◦Contains past and “future” material


Carl Jung

Parts of the mind:

The collective unconscious◦A deeper level of the unconscious◦Shared with the rest of humanity◦Contains archetypes

universal emotional symbols


Carl JungArchetypes:

◦Animus/Anima Male element in a woman/female element

in a man

◦Persona and Shadow Socially acceptable front vs. dark and

unacceptable side of personality

◦Mother Embodiment of generativity and fertility

◦Hero and Demon Strong force for good vs. cruelty and evil


Carl JungComplexes

◦A “complex” is a group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme

◦Jung created a word association test to study complexes

◦The pattern of words produced reveals the complex


Carl JungExample word-association test:

As soon as a word appears, say aloud the first word you think of

Words will appear one by one


Head

Green

Water

Death

Ship


Carl Jung

The four functions of the mind:

◦Sensing◦Thinking◦Feeling◦Intuiting


Carl Jung

The two major attitudes of the mind:

Extroversion◦Directs psychic energy toward things

in the external world

Introversion◦Directs psychic energy inward


Carl Jung

4 functions 2 attitudes8 types (4 x 2)Typology

◦Each person has a “best fit” to one type

◦Determined by the person’s dominant function and dominant attitude

Forms the basis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator


Alfred Adler

“Individual Psychology”Emphasizes the importance of

social conditions on personalityThree fundamental social issues:

◦Occupational tasks◦Societal tasks◦Love tasks

Expansion of Freud’s approach to increase emphasis on society and social relations


Alfred Adler

Striving for superiority ◦The central core of personality◦Inferiority complex◦Superiority complex (compensating

for sense of inferiority)

Organ inferiority—everyone is born with some physical weakness


Alfred Adler

Aggression drive◦the drive to lash out against the

inability to achieve something◦A reaction to perceived

helplessnessMasculine protest

◦the individual’s attempt to be competent and independent (both boys and girls)


Alfred Adler

Superiority striving◦Striving to obtain power and

superiority over one’s own inferiority

Perfection striving◦Striving to meet fictional goals◦Fictional goals reflect an individual's

view of perfection


Alfred Adler

Birth order and family dynamics◦First-born children◦Second-born children◦Last-born children

Current findings◦Frank Sulloway

First born: success and achievement Later born: revolutionary and creative


Alfred Adler

Personality Typology

Adler's type Social Interest

Activity Greek Humor

Ruling-Dominant Low High Yellow bile

Getting-Leaning Low Low Phlegm

Avoiding Very low Low Black bile

Socially Useful High High Blood


Karen Horney

Feminist neo-analytic theory

Rejection of Freudian notion of penis envy

Envy of masculine freedoms and privileges


Karen Horney

Basic anxiety—a child’s fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure

Styles of coping with basic anxiety◦Passive (complying)◦Aggressive (fighting)◦Withdrawn (disengaging)


Karen Horney

Different aspects of the self◦Real self

The inner core of personality◦Despised self

Feelings of inferiority and shortcomings◦Ideal self

One’s view of perfection “Tyranny of the should”

Goal of psychoanalysis is acceptance of the Real Self


Karen Horney

When alienated from the Real Self, people develop neurotic coping strategies◦Moving toward

Striving to make others happy and gain love

◦Moving against Striving for power and recognition

◦Moving away Withdrawal of emotional investment


Other Neo-Analysts

Anna Freud◦Emphasized social influences on the

ego◦Gave the ego more power◦Studied children and teens

Heinz Hartmann◦The “father of ego psychology”◦Gave the ego more autonomy◦Id and ego in compensatory

relationshipCopyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Object Relations TheoriesFocus on the importance of

relations with others in defining ourselves

Margaret Mahler◦Theory of symbiosis (mother-child)

Symbiotic psychotic (no sense of self) Normal symbiotic (healthy ego)

◦Emphasized the importance of parenting skills


Object Relations Theories

Melanie Klein◦The first significant child

psychoanalyst◦Developed technique of play

therapy

Heinz Kohut◦Fear of loss (of parent)◦Narcissistic personality disorder


Erik Erikson

Neoanalytic stage theoryContinues throughout lifeUnlike Freudian psychoanalytic

theory, not focused on libido and sexual gratification

Structured as a series of “ego crises” to be resolved◦Outcome of successful resolution of

each stage is an “ego skill” mastered


Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Stage Theory (early stages)Ego Crisis Ego Skill

Gained Age

Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Infancy

Autonomy vs. Shame Will Early Childhood

Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Early to mid-childhood

Industry vs. Inferiority Competence Mid- to late childhood


Erik Erikson

Erikson’s Stage Theory (later stages)

Ego Crisis Ego Skill Gained

Age

Identity vs. Role Confusion Loyalty Teenage years

Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Early adulthood

Generativity vs. Stagnation Caring Middle adulthood

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom Late adulthood


Some Modern Approaches to Identity

Jonathan Cheek◦Personal versus social self◦Communal/collective identity and relational

identitySelf-monitoring (Mark Snyder)

◦Dispositional and situational orientationsPersonal projects, personal strivings,

life tasksPossible selves

◦The search for a meaningful life (not empty self-esteem)


Timeline: Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Developments in Neo-Analytic and Ego Aspects

Societal and Scientific Context

People were thought to derive their identity mostly from their position in life (woman, lord, minister)

before 1800

Humans are seen primarily in religious or philosophical terms; children often not differentiated from adults

Scholars in Europe gathered around Freud begin considering expansion of his ideas beyond libido

1880s-1900

Increasing attention to evolution and reproduction





Neo-analysts begin break with Freud; Jung proposes collective unconscious

1910-1930

Increasing technology and industrialization; anthropological discoveries

Adler and Horney shift focus to the child's social world; object relations theories develop

1910s-1940s

Victorian era with patriarchal families gives way to women's suffragist movements; child psychiatry develops





Erikson and others shift identity study to consider the full life-span

1940s-1960s

People live longer lives; traditional sex roles and work roles break down

Modern theorists focus directly on identity, in terms, life tasks, self-monitoring, self-presentation, and attachments

1960s-1980s

Increasing individual freedom and pursuit of goals; less formal social structure and increased mobility and education





Goals and motivations attract new interest

1990s-2000s

Schools, corporations, sports teams look to increase performance


Neo-Analytic and Ego Approach

Analogy

◦Humans are conscious actors and strivers



Advantages◦Importance of the goal-oriented nature

of humans◦Acknowledges impact of society and

culture◦Development continues throughout the

life cycle◦Emphasizes the self as it struggles to

cope with emotions on the inside and the demands of the world on the outside



Limits◦Unconcerned with biology and fixed

personality structures◦A hodgepodge of different ideas from

different traditions◦Relies on abstract or vague concepts



View of free will

◦Though personality is largely determined by unconscious forces, individuals do have the ability to overcome these



Common assessment techniques

◦Varies from free association to situational and autobiographical study, with an emphasis on self-concept



Implications for therapy

◦As with psychoanalytic therapy, insight into inner motives is key

◦But because the ego is central, there is less concern with unconscious motivation


chapter 4: neo-analytic and ego aspects of personality: identity this multimedia product and its...

Documents