chapter 4 molecular geometry and bonding theories examplesdr.harbi
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4
Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
Examples
Dr.Harbi
![Page 2: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
• based on idea that regions of electron density in valence shell of central atom will be distributed in space such that electrostatic repulsions are minimized
• places regions of electron density as far apart as possible
• produces molecular geometry
![Page 3: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steps in Predicting Molecular Geometry
• draw Lewis structure of substance• count regions of electron density on
central atom• draw electron pair shape• derive and draw molecular geometry
![Page 4: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Regions of Electron Density
• single covalent bond• double covalent bond• triple covalent bond• lone pair• unpaired electron
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
# Regions Shape
2 linear
180°
![Page 6: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
# Regions Shape
2
3
linear
trigonal planar
180°
120°
![Page 7: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
# Regions Shape
2
3
linear
trigonal planar
4 tetrahedral
180°
120°
109.5°
![Page 8: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
5 trigonal bypyramidal90°
120°
![Page 9: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5 trigonal bypyramidal
6 octahedral
90°
90°
120°
![Page 10: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Central Atoms Having Less than an Octet• Relatively rare.• Molecules with less than an octet are typical for
compounds of Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A.• Most typical example is BF3.
• Formal charges indicate that the Lewis structure with an incomplete octet is more important than the ones with double bonds.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
![Page 11: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Summary of VSEPR Molecular ShapesSummary of VSEPR Molecular Shapes
e-pairs Notation Name of VSEPR shape Examples2 AX2 Linear HgCl2 , ZnI2 , CS2 , CO2
3 AX3 Trigonal planar BF3 , GaI3
AX2E Non-linear (Bent) SO2 , SnCl2
4 AX4 Tetrahedral CCl4 , CH4 , BF4-
AX3E (Trigonal) Pyramidal NH3 , OH3-
AX2E2 Non-Linear (Bent) H2O , SeCl2
5 AX5 Trigonal bipyramidal PCl5 , PF5
AX4E Distorted tetrahedral (see-sawed)
TeCl4 , SF4
AX3E2 T-Shaped ClF3 , BrF3
AX2E3 Linear I3- , ICl2
-
6 AX6 Octahedral SF6 , PF6-
AX5E Square Pyramidal IF5 , BrF5
AX4E2 Square Planar ICl4- , BrF4
-
![Page 13: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Examples
Determine the electron-pair (Domain) and molecular geometries of each of the following. Draw and name each.
![Page 14: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
![Page 15: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
![Page 16: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
1. Lewis structure
![Page 17: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
1. Lewis structure
Cl Be Cl
![Page 18: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
1. Lewis structure
Cl Be Cl
2. Count regions of electron density on central atom
![Page 19: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
1. Lewis structure
Cl Be Cl
2. Count regions of electron density on central atom 2
![Page 20: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
1. Lewis structure
Cl Be Cl
2. Count regions of electron density on central atom 2
3. Draw and name electron-pair shape
Cl Be Cl
linear
![Page 21: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Beryllium Chloride
BeCl2
3. Draw and name electron-pair shape
Cl Be Cl
linear
3. Derive and name molecular shape
Cl Be Cl
linear
![Page 22: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
![Page 23: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
![Page 24: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
O C O
![Page 25: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
O C O
2 regions
![Page 26: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
O C O
2 regions
Electron-pair shape, linear
O C O
![Page 27: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
O C O
2 regions
Electron-pair shape, linear
O C O
Molecular shape, linear
O C O
![Page 28: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Aluminum Bromide
![Page 29: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Aluminum BromideAlBr3
![Page 30: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Aluminum BromideAlBr3
Al
Br
Br Br
![Page 31: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Aluminum BromideAlBr3
Al
Br
Br Br
3 regions
![Page 32: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Aluminum BromideAlBr3
Al
Br
Br Br
3 regionsElectron-pair shapetrigonal planar
Al
Br
Br Br
![Page 33: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Aluminum BromideAlBr3
Al
Br
Br Br
3 regionsElectron-pair shapetrigonal planar
Al
Br
Br Br
Molecular shapetrigonal planar
Al
Br
Br Br
![Page 34: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
![Page 35: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
![Page 36: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
O N O
–
![Page 37: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
O N O
–
3 regions
![Page 38: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
O N O
–
3 regions
Electron-pair shapetrigonal planar
NO O
–
![Page 39: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
O N O
–
3 regions
Electron-pair shapetrigonal planar
NO O
–
![Page 40: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Nitrite Ion
NO2–
O N O
–
3 regions
Electron-pair shapetrigonal planar
NO O
–Molecular shape bent
NO O
–
![Page 41: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Carbon Tetrabromide
![Page 42: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Carbon TetrabromideCBr4
![Page 43: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Carbon TetrabromideCBr4
C
Br
Br Br
Br
![Page 44: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Carbon TetrabromideCBr4
C
Br
Br Br
Br
4 regions
![Page 45: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Carbon TetrabromideCBr4
C
Br
Br Br
Br
4 regions
Electron-pair shapetetrahedral
C
Br BrBr
Br
![Page 46: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Carbon TetrabromideCBr4
C
Br
Br Br
Br
4 regions
Electron-pair shapetetrahedral
C
Br BrBr
Br
Molecular shapetetrahedral
![Page 47: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Arsine
![Page 48: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
![Page 49: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
As
H
H H
![Page 50: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
As
H
H H
4 regionselectron-pair shape, tetrahedral
![Page 51: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
As
H
H H
4 regionselectron-pair shape, tetrahedral
As
HH
H
![Page 52: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
As
H
H H
4 regionselectron-pair shape, tetrahedral
As
HH
H
molecular shapetrigonal pyramidor tripod
![Page 53: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
ArsineAsH3
As
H
H H
4 regionselectron-pair shape, tetrahedral
As
HH
H
molecular shapetrigonal pyramidor tripod
AsH
HH
![Page 54: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
WaterH2O
![Page 55: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
WaterH2O
O
HH
![Page 56: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
WaterH2O
O
HH
4 regionselectron-pair shapetetrahedral
![Page 57: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
WaterH2O
O
HH
4 regionselectron-pair shapetetrahedral
O
HH
![Page 58: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
WaterH2O
O
HH
4 regionselectron-pair shapetetrahedral
O
HH
molecular shapebent
![Page 59: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
WaterH2O
O
HH
4 regionselectron-pair shapetetrahedral
O
HH
molecular shapebent
OHH
![Page 60: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Phosphorus Pentafluoride
![Page 61: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Phosphorus PentafluoridePF5
PF
FF
FF
![Page 62: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Phosphorus PentafluoridePF5
PF
FF
FF
5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
F
F
F
F
F
P
![Page 63: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Phosphorus PentafluoridePF5
PF
FF
FF
5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
F
F
F
F
F
P
molecular shapetrigonal bipyramidal
![Page 64: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sulfur Tetrafluoride
![Page 65: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
![Page 66: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
SF F
FF
![Page 67: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
SF F
FF
5 regionstrigonal bipyramidal
![Page 68: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
SF F
FF
5 regionstrigonal bipyramidal
F
F
FF
S
![Page 69: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
SF F
FF
5 regionstrigonal bipyramidal
F
F
FF
S
F
F
FF
S
molecular shapedistorted tetrahedral
![Page 70: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Sulfur TetrafluorideSF4
SF F
FF
5 regionstrigonal bipyramidal
F
F
FF
S
molecular shapesee saw
S
F
F F
F
![Page 71: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Chlorine Trifluoride
![Page 72: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
![Page 73: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
F
FF
Cl
![Page 74: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
F
FF
Cl 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
![Page 75: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
F
FF
Cl 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Cl
F
F
F
![Page 76: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
F
FF
Cl 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Cl
F
F
F
![Page 77: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Chlorine TrifluorideClF3
F
FF
Cl 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Cl
F
F
F
molecular shapeT-shape
Cl
F
F
F
![Page 78: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Sulfur Hexafluoride
![Page 79: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Sulfur HexafluorideSF6
![Page 80: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Sulfur HexafluorideSF6
SF
FF
FF
F
![Page 81: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Sulfur HexafluorideSF6
SF
FF
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
S
F
F
F
F
F
F
![Page 82: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Sulfur HexafluorideSF6
SF
FF
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
S
F
F
F
F
F
F
molecular shapeoctahedral
![Page 83: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Bromine Pentafluoride
![Page 84: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
![Page 85: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
BrF F
FF
F
![Page 86: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
BrF F
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
![Page 87: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
BrF F
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Br
F
F
F
F
F
![Page 88: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
BrF F
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Br
F
F
F
F
F
![Page 89: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Bromine PentafluorideBrF5
BrF F
FF
F
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Br
F
F
F
F
F
molecular shapesquare pyramidal
Br
F
F
F
F
F
![Page 90: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Xenon Tetrafluoride
![Page 91: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
![Page 92: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
XeF F
FF
![Page 93: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
![Page 94: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Xe
F
F
F
F
![Page 95: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Xe
F
F
F
F
![Page 96: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Xenon TetrafluorideXeF4
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
Xe
F
F
F
F
Xe
F
F
F
F
molecular shapesquare planar
![Page 97: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
![Page 98: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
Br
BrBr
![Page 99: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
![Page 100: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Br
Br
Br
![Page 101: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Br
Br
Br
![Page 102: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Tribromide Ion Br3
–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bipyramidal
Br
Br
Br
molecular shapelinear
Br
Br
Br
![Page 103: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Polarity of Molecules
• molecules in which dipole moments of the bonds do not cancel are polar molecules
• molecules that do not contain polar bonds or in which all dipole moments cancel are non-polar molecules
![Page 104: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
![Page 105: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
+–
+ +
––
![Page 106: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
+–
+ +
––
![Page 107: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
+–
+ +
––
0
![Page 108: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
+–
+ +
––
0
![Page 109: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO O
O
H H
+
–
+ +
––
0
y
x
y
x
![Page 110: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO O
O
H H
+
–
+ +
––
y
x
y
x
![Page 111: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
CO2 vs H2O
CO OO
H H
+ –
+ +
––
nonpolar polar
![Page 112: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Study and Know
9.2 Polarity of Molecules
![Page 113: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
VSEPR Theory only explains molecular shapes
says nothing about bonding in molecules
Enter Valence Bond (VB) Theory
atoms share electron pairs by allowing their atomic orbitals to overlap
![Page 114: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
+
H H
![Page 115: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
+
H H
bond
![Page 116: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
+
H H
bond
1sE
H
![Page 117: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
+
H H
bond
1s
E
H
H
![Page 118: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
+
F F
F2
![Page 119: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
+
F F
F2
bond
![Page 120: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
1s
2s
2pE
F
![Page 121: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
F
E
F
![Page 122: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
C
![Page 123: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
C
H H
![Page 124: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
C
H H
H+
![Page 125: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
C
H H
H+
H–
![Page 126: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
C
H H
H+
H–
C
H
H
H
H
90°
90°
![Page 127: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Methane
CH4
C
H
HH
H
109.5°
Tetrahedral Geometry 4 Identical Bonds
![Page 128: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Problem and Solution
C must have 4 identical orbitals in valence shell for bonding
solution: hybridization
![Page 129: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
![Page 130: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
2s 2p
E
![Page 131: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
2s 2p
E
![Page 132: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
2s 2p
E
![Page 133: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
Esp3
![Page 134: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
– ++
+
2p2s
![Page 135: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
– ++
+
=2p2s
an sp3 hybrid orbital
![Page 136: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
4 identical sp3 hybrid orbitals
![Page 137: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
4 identical sp3 hybrid orbitals
tetrahedral geometry
![Page 138: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
4 identical sp3 hybrid orbitals
tetrahedral geometry
![Page 139: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
4 identical sp3 hybrid orbitals
tetrahedral geometry
![Page 140: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Methane
CH4
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
Esp3
H H H H
![Page 141: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Hybridization vs Shape (e– pair)
• sp linear• sp2 trigonal planar• sp3 tetrahedral• sp3d trigonal bipyramidal• sp3d2 octahedral
![Page 142: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in tribromide ion
![Page 143: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in tribromide ion
Br3–
![Page 144: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in tribromide ion
Br3–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bypyramidal
![Page 145: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in tribromide ion
Br3–
Br
BrBr 5 regionselectron-pair shapetrigonal bypyramidal
sp3d
![Page 146: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in carbon dioxide
CO2
![Page 147: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in carbon dioxide
CO2
O C O
2 regions
Electron-pair shape, linear
![Page 148: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in carbon dioxide
CO2
O C O
2 regions
Electron-pair shape, linear
sp
![Page 149: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in aluminum bromide
![Page 150: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in aluminum bromide
Al
Br
Br Br
3 regionsElectron-pair shapetrigonal planar
![Page 151: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in aluminum bromide
Al
Br
Br Br
3 regionsElectron-pair shapetrigonal planar
sp2
![Page 152: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in xenon tetrafluoride
![Page 153: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in xenon tetrafluoride
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
![Page 154: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Predict the Hybridization of the Central Atom in xenon tetrafluoride
XeF F
FF
6 regionselectron-pair shapeoctahedral
sp3d2
![Page 155: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Consider Ethylene, C2H4
![Page 156: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Consider Ethylene, C2H4
C CH H
HH
![Page 157: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Consider Ethylene, C2H4
C CH H
HH
3 regionstrigonal planar
![Page 158: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Consider Ethylene, C2H4
C CH H
HH
3 regionstrigonal planar
sp2
![Page 159: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Consider Ethylene, C2H4
C CH H
HH
3 regionstrigonal planar
sp2
![Page 160: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
E
![Page 161: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
2s 2p
E
![Page 162: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
sp22p
E
![Page 163: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
sp2
sp2
sp2 2p
![Page 164: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
sp2
sp2
sp2
2p
![Page 165: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
![Page 166: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
![Page 167: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
bond framework
![Page 168: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
![Page 169: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
![Page 170: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
bond
![Page 171: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
bond
![Page 172: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Consider Acetylene, C2H2
C C HH
![Page 173: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Consider Acetylene, C2H2
C C HH
2 regionslinear
![Page 174: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Consider Acetylene, C2H2
C C HH
2 regionslinearsp
![Page 175: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Consider Acetylene, C2H2
C C HH
2 regionslinearsp
![Page 176: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
2s 2p
E
![Page 177: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
1s
2s
2p
E
1s
sp 2p
E
![Page 178: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
sp sp
2p
2p
![Page 179: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
![Page 180: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
bond framework
![Page 181: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
![Page 182: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
bonds
![Page 183: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
bonds
![Page 184: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Generally
• single bond is a bond• double bond consists of 1 and 1
bond• triple bond consists of 1 and 2
bonds
![Page 185: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
when atoms combine to form molecules, atomic orbitals overlap and are then combined to form molecular orbitals
orbitals are conserved
a molecular orbital is an orbital associated with more than 1 nucleus
like any other orbital, an MO can hold 2 electrons
consider hydrogen atoms bonding to form H2
![Page 186: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
+
H H
![Page 187: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
add
subtract
![Page 188: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
add
subtract
bonding
antibonding
![Page 189: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
add
subtract
bonding
antibonding
*1s
1s
![Page 190: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
![Page 191: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
![Page 192: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
![Page 193: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
![Page 194: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
(1s ) 2
![Page 195: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
(1s ) 2
total spin = 0
![Page 196: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
• Diamagnetic: slightly repelled by a magnetic field
total spin = 0• paramagnetic: attracted to a
magnetic fiels
total spin not 0• Bond Order = 1/2 (bonding e– –
antibonding e–)
![Page 197: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
(1s ) 2
total spin = 0diamagnetic
![Page 198: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
H HH2
E E
BO = 1/2 ( 2 – 0) = 1
![Page 199: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
Consider He2
![Page 200: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
He HeHe2
E E
![Page 201: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
He HeHe2
E E
![Page 202: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
He HeHe2
E E
(1s ) 2 ( *1s ) 2
![Page 203: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
He HeHe2
E E
diamagnetic
![Page 204: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
1s 1s
1s
*1s
He HeHe2
E E
BO = 1/2 ( 2 – 2 ) = 0
![Page 205: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
Combination of p Atomic Orbitals
![Page 206: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
2p 2p
![Page 207: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
subtract
add
![Page 208: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
bonding MO
antibonding MOsubtract
add
![Page 209: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
bonding MO
antibonding MO *2p
2p
subtract
add
![Page 210: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
2p 2p
![Page 211: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
subtract
add
![Page 212: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
antibonding MO
bonding MO
subtract
add
![Page 213: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
2p
*2p
subtract
add
![Page 214: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
2p
*2p
subtract
add
![Page 215: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Consider Li2
![Page 216: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
Li LiLi2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 217: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
Li LiLi2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 218: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
Be BeBe2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 219: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
Be BeBe2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 220: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
B BB2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 221: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
B BB2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 222: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
C CC2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 223: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
N NN2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 224: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
O OO2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 225: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
F FF2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p
![Page 226: Chapter 4 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories ExamplesDr.Harbi](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081420/56649e0e5503460f94af7e5a/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
2s 2s
2s
*2s
Ne NeNe2
E E
2p 2p
*2p
2p
2p
*2p