Chapter 4Chapter 4Made From the SoilMade From the Soil

Sacred Balance Chapter 4 and Sacred Balance Chapter 4 and Bonney Woods/ Sandy RiverBonney Woods/ Sandy River

Soil ProfileSoil Profile

Soil PhSoil Ph

Soil biodiversity in the O horizonSoil biodiversity in the O horizon

Tree Species biodiversityTree Species biodiversity

Rock Cycle TerminologyRock Cycle Terminology

Lava Flow out of volcano leads to crystallization of magma to form Lava Flow out of volcano leads to crystallization of magma to form igneous rockigneous rock

Erosion caused by wind and rain of solid rock to form sedimentErosion caused by wind and rain of solid rock to form sediment

Transportation of sediments via rivers and streamsTransportation of sediments via rivers and streams

Deposition of sediments: sediments settle at the bottom of the Deposition of sediments: sediments settle at the bottom of the oceanocean

Compaction and cementation: sediments compact due to Compaction and cementation: sediments compact due to pressure and cement due to mineral accumulation forming pressure and cement due to mineral accumulation forming sedimentary rocksedimentary rock

Metamorphism: under heat and pressure sedimentary rock Metamorphism: under heat and pressure sedimentary rock becomes metamorphic rockbecomes metamorphic rock

Melting of metamorphic rockMelting of metamorphic rock

Rock CycleRock Cycle

Rock Cycle

Rock cycleRock cycle Process of Weathering and ErosionProcess of Weathering and Erosion Responsible for the creation of soilResponsible for the creation of soil Biodiversity: Diversity of LifeBiodiversity: Diversity of Life

Biodiversity of soilBiodiversity of soil Increased soil biodiversityIncreased soil biodiversity Increased tree biodiversityIncreased tree biodiversity

From Rock to SoilFrom Rock to Soil

Creation of Soil (Adapted from: Wagner & Sanford, 2005Creation of Soil (Adapted from: Wagner & Sanford, 2005))

Soil formation (pedogenesis) and the properties of the soils are the result of five key Soil formation (pedogenesis) and the properties of the soils are the result of five key factors. These factors are: factors. These factors are: Parent material: Parent material: the material from which the soil is the material from which the soil is formed. Soil parent material can be bedrock, organic material, or surficial deposits formed. Soil parent material can be bedrock, organic material, or surficial deposits from water, wind, glaciers, or volcanoes.from water, wind, glaciers, or volcanoes.

Climate: Climate: heat and moisture break down the parent material and affect how fast or heat and moisture break down the parent material and affect how fast or slow the soil processes go.slow the soil processes go.

Organisms: Organisms: all plants and animals living on or in the soil. The dead remains of all plants and animals living on or in the soil. The dead remains of plants and animals become organic matter in the soil, and the animals living in the plants and animals become organic matter in the soil, and the animals living in the soil aff ect the decomposition of organic materials.soil aff ect the decomposition of organic materials.

Topography: Topography: the location of a soil on the landscape can affect how climatic forces the location of a soil on the landscape can affect how climatic forces im pact it. For example, soils at the bottom of a hill will be wetter than those near the im pact it. For example, soils at the bottom of a hill will be wetter than those near the top of the slopes.top of the slopes.

Time: Time: all the above soil-forming factors assert themselves over time, from hundreds all the above soil-forming factors assert themselves over time, from hundreds to tens of thousands of years to tens of thousands of years

Mechanical Weathering (p. Mechanical Weathering (p. 125)125)

Breaks rock into smaller fragments without Breaks rock into smaller fragments without altering it’s chemical structure.altering it’s chemical structure. Water percolates into cracks and crevices Water percolates into cracks and crevices

expanding as it freezes it can split the rock expanding as it freezes it can split the rock apart.apart.

Chemical Weathering (p. 126)Chemical Weathering (p. 126)

Chemical Weathering: Alters the chemical Chemical Weathering: Alters the chemical structure of rock by removing some structure of rock by removing some constituents and leaving others.constituents and leaving others. Rain picks of CO2 from the sky creating Rain picks of CO2 from the sky creating

carbonic acid that will slowly break down rock.carbonic acid that will slowly break down rock.

Biological Weathering (p. 127)Biological Weathering (p. 127)

Microorganisms extruded chemicals that Microorganisms extruded chemicals that leached rock for useful elements. leached rock for useful elements.

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle TerminologyTerminology

Animal waste and Plant matter exist on the surface of the soil.Animal waste and Plant matter exist on the surface of the soil.

Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi) break down animal waste and plant matter Decomposers (Bacteria and Fungi) break down animal waste and plant matter and convert it to Ammonia (NHand convert it to Ammonia (NH33))

Nitrosimonas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite (NONitrosimonas bacteria convert Ammonia to Nitrite (NO22))

Nitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite (NONitrobacter bacteria convert Nitrite (NO22) to Nitrate (NO) to Nitrate (NO33) )

Nitrates can be taken up directly by plants and are essential for plant growth Nitrates can be taken up directly by plants and are essential for plant growth and reproductionand reproduction

Atmospheric Nitrogen(NAtmospheric Nitrogen(N22) fixing bacteria exist on legume (bean) root nodules ) fixing bacteria exist on legume (bean) root nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen (Nand convert atmospheric nitrogen (N22) to Ammonia (NH) to Ammonia (NH33))

Fertilizers contain nitrates to enhance plant growth and are added directly to Fertilizers contain nitrates to enhance plant growth and are added directly to the soilthe soil

Atmospheric Nitrogen (NAtmospheric Nitrogen (N22) can be converted to Nitrite (NO) can be converted to Nitrite (NO22) by the enormous ) by the enormous energy from lightening. The lightening breaks the nitrogen molecules and energy from lightening. The lightening breaks the nitrogen molecules and enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxide enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxide (NO). Nitrogen oxide dissolves in rain and forms Nitrates (NO(NO). Nitrogen oxide dissolves in rain and forms Nitrates (NO33))

How Do they Genetically How Do they Genetically Modify Foods?Modify Foods?

Process

CompostingCompostingHow to compost