chapter 4 logical reasoning
TRANSCRIPT
JANINE O.VILLAMER, RN
GS-MAN
LOGICAL REASONING
Logical Reasoning
LOGIC
It is a branch of philosophy that concerns analysis of inferences and arguments.
It is the use and study of valid reasoning.
A proper or reasonable way of thinking about understanding something.
An inference involves forming a conclusion that is based on some evidence.
An argument consists of a conclusion and its supportive evidenced.
Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Retroduction Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
DEDUCTION
It happens when a researcher works from the more general information to the more specific.
“top-down” approach
A process of gaining knowledge
Considered to reserve truth.
Logical Reasoning
Deductive Argument
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Socrates is a man.
Premise 1: Every day, I leave for work in my car at eight o’clock.
Premise 2: Every day, the drive to work takes 45 minutes. I arrive to
work on time.
.
VALID and SOUND
Conclusion: Socrates is Mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, If I leave for work at eight o’clock today, I will be on time.
No new information provides. It only rearranges information what is already known into a new statement or conclusion.
An important point to consider is that for a deductive argument to be sound, its premises should be true and the whole argument should be valid.
Logical Reasoning Deductive Argument
Premise 1: The tennis ball is larger than the basketball.
Premise 2: The basketball is larger than the golf ball.
Premise 1: All men are mortal.
Premise 2: Birds are men
VALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: All cat have six legs.
Premise 2: A tiger is a cat.
For it to be unsound, at least one of its premises should be false.
Conclusion: Therefore the tennis ball is larger than the golf ball.
Conclusion: Therefore, birds are mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore, a tiger has six legs.
Logical Reasoning
Premise 1: All victims of abuse have low self-esteem.
Premise 2: Clowen has low self-esteem.
INVALID and UNSOUND
Premise 1: Some teachers are musicians.
Premise 2: All instructors are teachers.
An invalid deductive argument can never be sound.
Conclusion: Therefore Clowen is a victim of abuse.
Conclusion: Therefore, all instructors are musicians.
Logical Reasoning
MYRA ESTRIN LEVINE
The Conservation Theory
MARTHA E. ROGERS
Unitary Human Beings
Logical Reasoning
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Adaptation Model
DOROTHEA OREM
Self Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
Logical Reasoning
BETTY NEUMAN
Systems Model
DOROTHY JOHNSON
Behavioral System Model
A theory may be developed through:
INDUCTION
A form of logical reasoning in which a generalized is induced from a number of specific, observed instances.
It is also called hypothesis construction because any conclusions made are based on current knowledge and predictions.
“bottom-up” approach
Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
Inductive Form
Premise 1: Victims of abuse who have been observed have low self esteem.
Premise 1: Jennifer leaves for school at 7:00am and is on time.
Premise 1: All observed women in one area wear heels.
Conclusion: All victims of abused have low self esteem.
Conclusion: Jennifer will always be on time if she will leaves at 7:00am.
Conclusion: All women must wear heels.
Allows conclusion to be false.
The conclusion states a generalization that extends beyond the observations.
Is viewed in terms of degrees of strength and the probability that the premises lead to a given conclusion.
Logical Reasoning
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Environmental Theory
AFAF IBRAHIM MELEIS
Transition Theory
Logical Reasoning
NOLA J. PENDER
Health Promotion Theory
Logical Reasoning
A theory may be developed through:
RETRODUCTION Abductive Reasoning
Is a mode of inference in which events are explained by postulating (and identifying) mechanisms which are capable of producing them.
It is the reasoning process that starts from a set of facts and derives their most likely explanations.
Logical Reasoning
HELEN C. ERICKSON
Modeling and Role-Modeling
MARY ANN P. SWAIN
EVELYN T. TOMLIN
Logical Reasoning
GLADYS L. HUSTED
Symphonological Bioethical Theory
JAMES H. HUSTED
QUIZ! Choose one (1) Nursing Theory and explain the logical form that the Theorist used.