chapter 4 - livestock and fodder management

7/30/2019 Chapter 4 - Livestock and Fodder Management

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Chapter 4 - Livestock and fodder management

Migration of flocks of sheep and goats

Traditional management practices adopted by Gaddi Shepherds

Grazing in higher reaches for Pashmina WoolTraditional methods of animal treatment herbal treatmentEthnopharmaceutical care of cattle

Sustained livestock/animal husbandryHay/dry grass storage in fields

Traditional wool combing and spinning

The technologies for increased productivity in respect of animal husbandry includecharacteristics of migratory grazing by shepherds, health care, veterinary prescriptions andoptimisation of animal breeding for milk and draught power. Some of the important ITK

systems prevailing in the mountainous regions are summarised here under:

Migration of flocks of sheep and goats

In Bharmour and Lahaul; at the onset of winter (October/November), flocks of sheep and

goat migrate to Kangra valley and Pathankot thereby avoiding fodder scarcity. During earlyApril, folks return to their respective villages so as to manure fields, during the early growing

season. Thereafter, malundior shepherds gather the village stock for summer grazing in

trakar/pastures situated on dhars/high mountain peaks. As summer approaches the stockmigrates to still higher altitudes. At the end of the growing season, (September/October),when winter returns, sheep and goats are brought back to the lower ranges from the high

altitude areas, following traditional routes.

The age old practice of manuring fields during October in the lower ranges is still practised.The landlords not only extend their complete cooperation and hospitality to the shepherds,but even provide them with food and other items in addition to some cash payment for

manuring their fields through night droppings.

This grazing practice sustains the grazing pressure. It also enhances the nutrient recycling in

these areas to a great extent. Fertilization of fields during the to and for movement oflivestock enhances crop productivity at low economic cost.
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Additionally, sale of crude wool yields substantial economic returns.

Migration of sheep/goats from Kinnaur to Dehra Dun commences at the latest by October

end with the downward march of goats and sheep from the Pabo (high pastures) where theyhad been housed in temporary structures during summer. (These temporary structures often

destroyed due to severe climatic conditions such as heavy snow and have to bere-constructed each year). The first halt is in the Rango (also called Kanda, is the highestpoint where cultivable lands are found above the village), for a few days the flocks are housed

in these semi-permanent structures. Subsequently, they travel to the village/Shennang(cultivable lands below the village) - again stay there for a few days and then proceed

towards the plains. Homeward migration starts around March end/early April, the same routeis followed, albeit in the reverse order. The halt at each "station" allows FYM needs to be met

and tile shortage is made good by Kimze (cattle etc.) which are not allowed to migrate butstay in the village/Rango/Shennang. Kimze are retained to meet social, religious, and ritual

obligations, besides providing FYM. The people of the area have a well organized system ofmarking their cattle, generally on the external in the shape of a simple "V" or "U"shaped cut

or round or square cut or a combination of two or more of these markings for purpose ofeasy identification.

For shearing, (twice in a year), special scissors are used. Shepherds carry modem drugswith them, and are competent enough to administer drugs through injection to diseased

animals. A herd of sheep and goats is always accompanied by one or two gaddidogs.Cereals and pulses which were earlier imported into the district are now being cultivated in

the Kandas.

The obvious advantage of this practice is that sheep and goats constitute pastoral wealth andas such yield economic/remuneration's. Further, pastoral life is an ecological adaptation in an

area where land holdings being small, conventional agriculture is not viable.

Traditional management practices adopted by Gaddi Shepherds

The indigenous resource management found in Bharmour/Pangi involving very limited

external inputs, developed by gaddishepherds in difficult and isolated hilly terrain, is anexample in itself. This resource use is still in vogue, in the areas ranging from alpine pasturesdown to the foothills, and has evolved over generations under to meet the fodder

requirements. This agro-pastoral resource use/adaptation is an example of sustenance andsustainability.

Some techniques that have been perfected by the gaddis may be summarised as:

* Crossing high passes without any forecasting device and the timely

return for agricultural operations

* The penning practice for securing grazing facilities and support (foodetc.) from other cultivators, involves exchange rate negotiation. Similarly,

those villagers who own relatively smaller number of sheep/goats hand

over their animals to 'puhals'for grazing them nominal charges after due

negotiations and duties are shared.

* Their dedication emanates from their religious and cultural orientationcentered around Lord Shiva. Their strong engrained attachment to


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different deities and Lord Shiva helps them face all risks and challenges

which are an integral part of the Gaddilifestyle. Sacrifice of goats is stillpractised.

* Gaddirituals and customs to a great extent have also been influenced

by sheep/goats. They refer to their flocks as 'dhan'which is a synonym ofwealth.

* Isolation for a considerable part of the year, has led them to develop

their own system of medicine for curing common ailments.

* Isolation, prevalence of small terrace lands, single growing season,requirement of low technological and other input, high nutritional value and

easy storage, dictates that cultivation of coarse cereals - millets (mostlyby females) be undertaken. The elderly and a few youngsters occupy

themselves with wool weaving especially during winter.

* Gaddies now construct houses at two places viz. one in high altitudeareas (Bharmour area) and the other in the low altitude areas (i.e.

Palampur, Nurpur, Baijnath, Kangra and other nearby areas). Theymigrate to the foot hills during winters with family and flock, and cultivate

lands there and return to the upper areas during summer.

* In West Himalayan cold deserts it is a usual practice to protect smallgrowing trees and tree trunks against foraging by animals, by wrapping

gunny bags or small tin sheets around them. This is found useful becausesuch protection prevents tree mortality since goats chew tree bark for

tiding over fodder shortages, specially during the winter months.

* Gaddisheep are best suited to the challenges and adventures posed bythe system. They can walk continuously for miles together, traverse

difficult terrain and can pass snow peaks without any significant damage.They are used as 'beasts of burden' in trade and are employed for

carrying loads to difficult and inaccessible areas.

* Gaddidogs (sheep dogs), are reputed for their bravery as watch dogs.They continuously move with the flock acting as an effective measure

against theft and attack of predators, they also provide companionship.

* The strong bondage between the members of the Gadditribe is unique,since they have to depend on each other for survival

Their adaptation to the hardships and diversity of the migratorial grazing system brings into

focus the inherent sustainability element. Emerging changes, no doubt, are exerting greatpressure, but proper management mechanism will help in the sustainable functioning of thesystem which enjoys the advantages of inherent soundness and emotional attachments.

Grazing in higher reaches for Pashmina Wool


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Pashmina goat rearing is specific to Ladakh and the north-west upper Himalayas. These

animals are large usually and hardy with white fleece though grey and brown animals are notuncommon. They are generally used as pack animals (Fig. 4.1). The body of these goats is

covered with silky hair about 10-12 cm long, beneath which is a fur like under-coat of greatfineness (fibre diameter is about 14 microns) and warmth, called Pashmina, which is used to

make famous Kashmir Shawls. The average yield of pashmina is around 200-400 g peranimal per year.

In the temperate Himalayan Zone, flocks of pashmina goats (100-500) are taken up to thealpine pastures with sheep. Goats and sheep are generally grazed together and they move to

alpine pastures in April and start their descent in September and are camped in valleys fromNovember till their return to alpine pastures. Good pasture runs in deep gorges and severely

cold nallahas in the higher reaches are specifically used for grazing pashmina goats. Thiscomparative advantage embodies significant economic potential. The goats need cellulose

which they obtain form grass, hay, silage, straw or leaves and cereal mixtures provide themineral and vitamin supplement. The per unit requirement of protein and carbohydrates for

metabolism in goats is higher than in cows. The goats commonly consume 6-10 per cent ofthe body weight in dry matter compared with 2.5-3.0 per cent for cattle and sheep. Most

pastures in the higher reaches are of temperate alpine type. The selection of deep gorgesand nallahs near glacial points by goats is specifically due to the availability of more nutritiousmaterial for grazing and browsing thereby ensuring pashmina production of good quality and

quantity.

Although it supports a major cottage industry in the Kashmir valley, little is known about thisgoat. Information with regard to available genetic variability in this species is limited.

Fig. 4.1 Pashmina goat grazing in higher reaches

Traditional methods of animal treatment herbal treatment

Local methods for treating animal diseases have been in use since long. These measures

are quite effective and are still in use. Few of these specific to Lahaul valley are:


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1. Long grasses found in fields are boiled and are fed to animals with

stomach ailments.

2. A bottle ofsarson (mustard) oil is fed to animal for stomach ailments

3. Bark ofbelitree is wrapped around the injured portion of animals forspeedy recovery

4. Wool shedding in sheep is overcome by massaging them with a

mixture of sulphur and sarson (mustard) oil

5. Khurda disease (insect attack on sheep feet) is cured by wrapping

crushed leaves of karnu tree around the infected feet after washing them

with luke warm water

6. A hot soup ofzira (Cumin) and garlic is fed to animals affected by

fever and cold

7. Garlands of fresh garlic are hung around the neck of cows withstomach problems for effective treatment

8. Application of human saliva to the suffering eye (s) is a most effective

treatment for eye sores.

9. Burning grass (Jawanlari) along with black cloth and mixing the ashwith oil is fed to cows afflicted by dysentery. This grass is dried andstored for winter months.

10. Sanctified soil ofterminatorium is sprinkled over a cow afflicted bystomach pain. A cap of any person is then beaten against the body of the

cow. A designated person usually sanctifies the soil before sprinkling. Ifsuch a person is not available in the village, an expert is invited from

another village.

These indigenous methods of treating common ailments are claimed to be highly effective.These methods have the advantage of utilizing locally available materials which have

medicinal properties. For example bark ofbellytree or crushed leaves ofkarnu tree have abitter taste, but have antiseptic properties and are fly repellents and thus help in speedy

healing of the injured portion.

Sarson (mustard) oil is a source of energy and fat soluble vitamins, it removes constipation

and is thus it is recommended in times of stomach ailments. A mixture of sulphur and sarson(mustard) oil helps in the prevention and control of skin diseases and provides nutrition to the

wool fiber and thus overcomes problem of wool shedding in sheep. A hot soup made ofziraand garlic is analgesic and antipyretic in nature, it improves digestion and thus protects body

from common cold. Garlands of fresh garlic, due to their peculiar odour, stimulate theeructation reflex and thus treat stomach ailments.


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Specific to Ladakh, a locally available shrub called capsion (stem of 20-25 cm dia) is fed to

sheep along with its bark. It is claimed to enhance wool production. The capsion wood maybe a rich source of sulphur containing amino acids and is thus good for improving the yield

and quality of wool

In Kinnaur about 200 ml sarson or wild apricot oil is fed to cattle when they have a swollenabdomen condition. The germicidal properties of the oil help solve the problem.

Locally developed treatments of animals which are claimed to be highly effective, however,lack scientific investigations and thus require further experimentation and critical

appraisal/analysis for the broad base application of this indigenous knowledge. This lack ofscientific temper is a serious limitation.

Ethnopharmaceutical care of cattle

For the indisposition of cattle, a small cut in outer the portion of ear lobe (of the animal) is

made for exudation of blood.

Such treatment is useful/advantageous because in high hills cold and fatigue are the mainfactors causing minor ailments. The availability of oil from fruits along with boiled water

becomes a source of instant energy, minerals, vitamins and antiseptic media for curing thegeneral diseases.

* The exudation of blood for is similar to an indigenous medicinal practice

for curing certain human diseases more commonly known as the"Humoral Theory of Disease". The exudation of blood from the infected

portion by making an incision helps in the removal of infection, since

along with the poison etc. pathogens are also washed away.

To keep yakand dzos healthy, some management practices are followed by the local people

viz. these animals are not allowed to drink water after heavy works. This is done by tieingtheir mouths during their return from fields. Similarly, during summer grazing when these

animals return to doksas for recouping salt requirement, the animals are tied for 24 hours forchecking their water urge. These practices are useful because the farmers claim that the

intake of water after heavy exercise in the fields, leads to formation of tumors in the neckregion. This may be due to some physiological disturbances and the sudden contraction and

expansion of muscular tissue resulting from sudden changes in the body temperaturecaused by the intake of cold water. Further, the intake of cold water after heavy exercise alsoresults in abdominal colic, which may sometimes be fatal It may also cause exposure.

* In summer months fodder consumption by yaks and dzos increases their

urge for salt which ultimately leads to their desire to consume more waterfrom frequently available glacial streams resulting in inflation of stomachand eventual death in many cases. Heavy water consumptionimmediately after salt intake leads to the loss of sodium and chloride ions

because these two are not stored in the body. Locating salt licks in

pastures should be encouraged.


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As is evident, the fear of losing the animals has led to the development of these simple

practices which require scientific explanation.

* Dysentery is a common ailment of animals. For treating dysentery,especially in Ladakh, a red hot iron is brought near the nose of the

animals. It is claimed to be a most effective treatment against dysenterybecause it probably stimulates the defence mechanism i.e. involuntary

contraction of gastrointestinal musculature which in turn mayrelieveconstipation which is the major cause of dysentery. This probable

explanation, however, needs to be ratified by veterinary research.

* Indigenous treatment for paralysis in Ladakh involves the use of a locally

available white stone, called chaggar, which is first heated and then

directly brought into contact with the head of the affected animal. Itsadvantage lies in its ability to induce nervous stimulation. Any nervous

malfunction or any clotting in brain is sensitized by the hot stone, resultingin recovery from paralysis. The scientific explanation for this treatment

however, is yet to be established.

Castration of male sheep may lead to a decrease in testosterone hormone (androgen

production) which in turn leads to higher estrogen content which facilitates increased woolproduction.

In Lahaul and Kinnaur, cow urine is used as medicine. Its antiseptic properties shelp in curingsmall cuts and wounds. The exuvae (skin) of snakes is crushed with common salt and fed to

the affected animals. While salt has medicinal value no information is available about thecurative properties of the exuvae.

In Bilaspur and Mandi dried herleaves orkuljara (a type of vine) are fed to cattle to increase

milk production.

Human saliva is antiseptic in nature and has epidermal growth factor which initiates healingprocess and thus is most effective for eye sores.

With a view to minimize mortality rates in Ladakh, Lahaul & Spiti, offspring birth is managedin such a way so that the birth takes place during April and May to ensure a higher survival

rate. This is controlled either through isolation of sexes or through the covering of malegenitalia during winters.

Severe winters and heavy snowfall cause heavy mortality. The relatively warm climate of

April and May and optimum fodder in the pastures and the farms bring about minimummortality.

'Changspass'use goat and yak hair to weave warm blankets in Ladakh and some otherregions. Goat and yak hair are very warm and the blankets woven from them, help the

shepherds in meeting the harsh c limatic conditions.

* Deodaroil mixed with common salt is used to massage the diseased

portion of the skin of goats in Kinnaur since both have medicinal value.


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* Fresh leaves ofBauhinia species (Kachnar) are fed to buffaloes,

because of their cooling effect.

Traditional animal treatment specific to mid hill region of Himachal Pradesh are explainedbelow:

* It is a very common reproductive disorder in cattle and buffaloes in

which uterus and vagina come out at the time of pastuarition. This

problem can be cured by administering 250 g each of Micromeria biflora,

Helimis lanceolatus and Trichoderma indica since a mixture of these

herbs have antiseptic properties and cooling effect.

Bamboo leaves and bark are boiled with paddy husk and fed to cows for

the expulsion of placenta (after birth).

* Feeding ofLeucas lanata (Safeda) and bamboo leaves treats

diarrhoea. Also feeding of 200 g ofCissampelos pareira (Batauva) inmaize husk treats diarrhoea and dysentery

Involuntary contraction of gastrointestinal tract musculature, induced by these antidiarrhoealherbs may relieve constipation which is a major cause of dysentery.

Sometimes due to intake of leguminous fodders with high moisture content, lot of gases are

produced in the rumen and abdomen. This condition is known as Tympany/Rumen Bloat.Feeding ofMurraya koenigii(Gandhala) and feeding of black pepper + kali jiri + gur + onionhelps in the release of gases accumulated in the rumen.

* Methi(fenugreek) seeds are mixed with wheat flour and fed to buffaloes

in view of the many medicinal uses of fenugreek. Such feeding helps inpreventing buffalo from coming to heat.

Sustained livestock/animal husbandry

People inhabiting high altitude cold desert areas in the Ladakh region, through their traditionalexperiences have identified dzo/dzomo, yak/demo, and donkeys as a source of energy. The

males viz. dzomo, yak and donkeys are the desert stalwarts helping the inhabitants incarrying out labour intensive work (ploughing, transportation, etc.), whereas female

population - cow (local breed), dzo and demo are the chief milk producing animals. Sincemost of the livestock is less productive, steps are being taken to improve livestock through

selection and cross breeding to enhance quality and quantity of their produce. The peopleinhabiting the Changthang area and its vicinity (4000-5500 m amsl), are proud owners of both

nondescript and pashmina goats. The Changthang plateau, with high altitude grazing landsreceiving scanty precipitation (


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farmers mostly rear the non-Changra and Angora cross goats on their marginal lands andvillage grazing areas. These are mostly reared in the village vicinity throughout the year.

Livestock constitutes an important component of rural life as it forms the life line of thepeople, providing them with milk, meat and energy. Age old wisdom is managing this wealth.

The Kinnauras have developed a self-sustained system based on the resources available inthe area which is still practised.

Sheep, goats, local cows, mules, donkeys and crosses of cow and yak (churu) are kept bythe farmers in the district -primarily as a source of manure. Churu are preferred as they are

well adapted to the area and their milk yield is also higher. Cow and goat milk is used in thisregion. Sheep and goats are a good source of meat and wool besides providing manure forthe fields.

* Yak (Fig. 4.2) is an important animal of the cold desert region (e.g.

Ladakh), for it provides milk, meat, hide and wool. Besides being a beastof burden it is also a draught animal. Yak skin is used as a loose robe by

local people at high altitudes. Its long hair is made into fly whisks, ropesand is wooven into a rough cloth meant to cover tents. Bones, horns andhooves of the animal are used for manurial purpose.

Fig. 4.2 Yak: A multipurpose animal

In the west Himalayan cold deserts, as mentioned earlier, where the yak cannot travel, sheepand goats are employed for the transportation of food and other items of daily need.

The cross of yak and cow (churu) is not totally domesticated. In Spiti and upper Kinnaur, tomake their use in ploughing, the noses are pierced and rings are put through them, a person

walks ahead holding their nose rings to guide them in the desired direction.

The limitations of such animal husbandry practices are rooted in the adverse effects ongrazing lands, from increasing livestock population and the introduction of high yielding

breeds which require higher fodder intake and greater care.

Hay/dry grass storage in fields

A practice specific to Lahaul valley and also operational in other regions involves cutting,drying and subsequent storing of grass from the natural grasslands (ghasni) at considerable


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moisture level in the form ofghors. The grass is cut after the dew has evaporated and theswaths are left in the form of bundles (poola) to dry in the field itself by different methods so

that its green colour and leaf characters are conserved. To achieve these characters it isdried under shade, along walls, fences, on trees or on roofs. This dry grass which is leafy is

known as 'hay' and is used for feeding animals during lean periods i.e. winter and summer

months. After drying the grass, it is stored either in a circular or elongated form as per thequantity of hay. The base is first constructed with stones arranged in a circle. The first layerconsists of poor quality grass or thorny bushes. The bundles of grasses are then so

arranged and placed that their weight completely falls on one another while maintaining thecircular or elongated shape. In the case of circular shape, the width is more at the base

which starts decreasing from the middle of the structure called 'talent'and ultimately it takesthe shape of a circular pyramid. Earlier a cloth made from yak's hair called 'Thobi'was used

to cover it, but now a layer of green thorny bushes or poor quality long grass is used as acover along with wheat orraj mash straw. Stone or heavy wood logs are used for pressing

and holding tile ghorin place.

This practice affords the advantage of maintaining the quality of grass by protecting it from

snow and rain. Pressure of stones and wooden logs on the upper layers provides protectionagainst strong winds. During winter months, the required quantity of grass is removed from

the ghorperiodically which remains completely dry and warm and is therefore relished by thelivestock.

In most cases the grass is harvested when it is completely dry and devoid of leaves and is

consequently poor both in quality and quantity.

In temperate zone, bundles of dry grass from the ghasni is carried by both men and women

on their backs (Fig. 4.3) to the farm house in vicinity and is stored there in the form of a "Toli,which is a pyramid shaped structure (Figs. 4.4 and 4.5). Some times bundles (Poola) of long

grass are hanged on different branches of trees for drying (Fig. 4.6a &b). In the region paddyand wheat straw is used for feeding the cattles in scarce winter season and straw is stored

either in semicircular or conical heaps (Fig. 4.7).

Fig. 4.3 Farm women carrying hay/dry grass


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Fig. 4.4 Preparing pyramid structure (Toli) for storage of dry grass/hay

Fig. 4.5 Toli: Storage hay/dry grass in a pyramid shape

Fig 4.6a Storing hay/dry grass on the tree for use in lean period


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Fig. 4.6b Storage of lengthy grass on the tree for use as fodder

Fig. 4.7 Heaps of paddy and wheat straw foruse as fodder


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Traditional wool combing and spinning

Fig. 4.8 Wool combing device (Kangroo)

In temperate Himalayas, farmers use large sized shearer/scissor for shearing wool from

goats and sheep. The sheared wool is combed and made smooth either with a specialcomber called Kangoo (Figs. 4.8 and 4.9) or with a special arrow like device called "Phanani"

(Fig. 4.10). The combed wool is stored in a small bamboo basket (Kamoli; Fig. 4.11) in theform of a small pack (Fa, Fig. 4.12). These small woollen packs (Fa) are used for spinning a

thread with a special spindle device known as Taklu (Fig. 4.13 and 4.14). These woollenthreads are used for making woollen fabrics like blankets (Pattu double and single), long

woollen cloth Lahanga/Pattee), dark black woollen cord (dora) and shawls which aregenerally woven by Gaddies on indigenous handlooms (Fig. 4.15).


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* The Gaddies wear a typical dress which suits the physical and climatic

requirements of the lifestyle and their terrain. The shepherds, during

migration, keep new born lambs and kids under theirchola to protect

them against the severe climate. The approximate weight of the chola is

5-6 kgs.

Dora is the most important part of the dress ofGaddies and is used

irrespective of the age or sex. It is tied round the waist over the cholawhich aids them in supporting the lower back while carrying heavy loads

on the back It is also used as a pillow, especially while travelling.

Fig. 4 9 Combing the sheep wool with a device "Kangroo"

Fig. 4.10 Combing sheep wool with "Phanani"


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Fig. 4.11 A bamboo basket (Kamoli) for storing wool

Fig. 4.13 A spindle - 'Takli'


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Fig. 4.12 A woman spinning the wool for making woollen thread from combed wool

pack (Fa)


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Fig 4.14 Combing and spinning sheep wool

Fig. 4.15 A group of tribal men and women in their traditional wool dresses

chapter 4 - livestock and fodder management

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