chapter 4 kinds of sentences - liduaeka.weebly.com€¦ · kinds of sentences writing activity in...

56 Chapter 4 Kinds of Sentences

Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57Independent Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Dependent Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Trouble Spot: Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Writing Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Compound Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Compound-Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Procedure for Sentence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Chapter 4

Kinds of Sentences

Writing Activity in Miniature

Before you work on this chapter, write a Microtheme on the following topic. Write small

enough to leave room for marking later. After you have studied this chapter, return to your Microtheme and complete Exercise B to practice what you have learned.

Suggested Microtheme Topic: Write a Microtheme of 80 to 100 words about the best or the worst decision you made during the past three years.

E X E R C I S E A

MICROTHEME

56

E X E R C I S E B Connecting Your Learning Objectives with Your Microtheme

Complete this exercise after you have studied this chapter.1. Examine your Microtheme to make sure you have used a variety of sentence structures.2. Mark one simple sentence (S), one compound sentence (CP), and one complex (CX) sentence. Revise sentences for variety if necessary.

01083_04_ch04_p056-070.indd 5601083_04_ch04_p056-070.indd 56 11/26/09 6:00:23 PM11/26/09 6:00:23 PM

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

57

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Clauses

The four kinds of basic sentences in English are simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. The terms may be new to you, but if you can recog-

nize subjects and verbs, with a little instruction and practice you should be able to identify and write any of the four kinds of sentences. The only new idea to master is the concept of the clause.

ClausesA clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that functions as a part or all of a complete sentence. The two kinds of clauses are independent (main) and dependent (subordinate).

Independent Clause: I have the money.Dependent Clause: When I have the money

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

An independent (main) clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone and make sense. An independent clause expresses a complete thought by itself and can be written as a separate sentence.

Sabrina plays the bass guitar.

The manager is not at fault.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that depends on the main clause to give it meaning.

since Carlotta came home [no meaning alone]

Since Carlotta came home, her mother has been happy. [has meaning]dependent clause independent clause

because she was needed [no meaning alone]

Kachina stayed in the game because she was needed. [has meaning]independent clause dependent clause

RELATIVE CLAUSES

One type of dependent clause is called a relative clause. A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun, a pronoun such as that, which, or who. Relative pronouns relate the clause to another word in the sentence.

that fell last night [no meaning alone]

The snow that fell last night is nearly gone. [has meaning]dependent clause

independent clause

In the sentence above, the relative pronoun that relates the dependent clause to the subject of the sentence, snow.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

who stayed in the game [no meaning alone]

Kachina was the only one who stayed in the game.independent clause dependent clause

In the sentence above, the relative pronoun who relates the dependent clause to the word one.

TROUBLE SPOT : PHRASES

A phrase is a group of words that go together. It differs from a clause in that a phrase does not have a subject and a verb. In Chapter 3, we discussed preposi-tional phrases (in the house, beyond the horizon) and saw some verbal phrases (infi nitive phrase: to go home; participial phrase: disconnected from the printer; and gerund phrase: running the computer).

E X E R C I S E 1 I d e n t i f y i n g C l a u s e s a n d P h ra s e s

Identify the following groups of words as an independent, or main, clause (has a subject and verb and can stand alone); a dependent clause (has a subject and verb but cannot stand alone); or a phrase (a group of words that go together but do not have a subject and verb). Use these abbreviations: IC (independent clause), DC (dependent clause), or P (phrase).

___________ 1. Under the table

___________ 2. After I scanned the document

___________ 3. I scanned the document.

___________ 4. To fi nd a fossil

___________ 5. Mr. Darwin found a fossil.

___________ 6. Over the bridge and through the woods

___________ 7. We chased the wind over the bridge and through the woods.

___________ 8. Which is on the fl oor

___________ 9. Find your new socks.

___________ 10. Because of the new guidelines

___________ 11. Standing on the corner

___________ 12. Why are we standing on the corner?



59

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Writing Sentences

Writing SentencesThis section covers sentence types according to this principle: On the basis of the number and kinds of clauses it contains, a sentence may be classifi ed as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. In the examples in the following list, the dependent clauses are italicized, and the independent clauses are underlined.

Type Defi nition Example

Simple One independent clause She did the work well.

Compound Two or more independent clauses

She did the work well, and she was paid well.

Complex One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Because she did the work well, she was paid well.

Compound-complex

Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Because she did the work well, she was paid well, and she was satisfi ed.

SIMPLE SENTENCES

A simple sentence consists of one independent clause and no dependent clauses. It may contain phrases and have more than one subject or verb.

The lake looks beautiful in the moonlight. [one subject and one verb]

The Army, Navy, and Marines sent troops to the disaster area. [three sub-jects and one verb]

We sang the old songs and danced happily at their wedding. [one subject and two verbs]

My father, mother, and sister came to the school play, applauded the per-formers, and attended the party afterward. [three subjects and three verbs]

E X E R C I S E 2 Wr i t i n g S i m p l e S e n t e n c e s

Write six simple sentences. The fi rst fi ve have been started for you.

1. This school

2. My desk

3. My friend

4. In the evening, I




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

5. Last night the

6.

COMPOUND SENTENCES

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses with no dependent clauses. Take, for example, the following two independent clauses:

He opened the drawer. He found his missing disk.

Here are two ways to join the independent clauses to form a compound sentence.

1. The two independent clauses can be connected by a connecting word called a coordinating conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Remember the acronym FANBOYS.) Use a comma before the coor-dinating conjunction (FANBOYS) between two independent clauses (unless the clauses are extremely short).

He opened the drawer, and he found his missing disk.

He opened the drawer, so he found his missing disk.

2. Another way to join independent clauses to form a compound sentence is to put a semicolon between the clauses.

He opened the drawer; he found his missing disk.

E X E R C I S E 3 Wr i t i n g C o m p o u n d S e n t e n c e s

Write fi ve compound sentences using coordinating conjunctions. The sentences have been started for you. Then write the same fi ve compound sentences without the coordinating conjunctions. Use a semicolon to join the independent clauses.

1. He played well in the fi rst quarter, but he ________________________________

2. She was happy for a while, and then ___________________________________

3. The dog is our best friend, for _________________________________________



61

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Writing Sentences

4. She is not the best player, nor is ______________________________________

5. I will try to help, but _________________________________________________

6. ____________________________________________________________________

7. ____________________________________________________________________

8. ____________________________________________________________________

9. ____________________________________________________________________

10. ____________________________________________________________________

COMPLEX SENTENCES

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more depen-dent clauses. In the following sentences, the dependent clauses are italicized.

When lilacs are in bloom, we love to visit friends in the country. [one depen-dent clause and one independent clause]

Although it rained last night, we decided to take the path that led through the woods. [one independent clause and two dependent clauses]

Punctuation tip: Use a comma after a dependent clause that appears before the main clause.

When the bus arrived, we quickly boarded.

A relative clause (see page 57) can be the dependent clause in a complex sentence.

I knew the actress who played that part in the 1980s.




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E X E R C I S E 4 Wr i t i n g C o m p l ex S e n t e n c e s

Write six complex sentences. The fi rst fi ve have been started for you.

1. Although he did the work quickly,

2.

because we got caught in a storm.

3. After you go to the party,

4. Because you are smart,

5.

when he turned to leave.

6.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES

A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Compound-Complex Sentence: Albert enlisted in the Army, and Robert, who was his older brother, joined him a day later.

Independent Clauses: Albert enlisted in the Army Robert joined him a day later

Dependent Clause: who was his older brother

Compound-Complex Sentence: Because Mr. Yamamoto was a talented teacher, he was voted teacher of the year, and his students prospered.

Independent Clauses: he was voted teacher of the year his students prospered

Dependent Clause: Because Mr. Yamamoto was a talented teacher



63

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Procedure for Sentence Analysis

E X E R C I S E 5 Wr i t i n g C o m p o u n d - C o m p l ex S e n t e n c e s

Write six compound-complex sentences. The fi rst fi ve have been started for you.

1. Because he was my friend, I had to defend him, and I

2. Although he started late, he fi nished rapidly, and he

3. She had not eaten since the clock struck twelve, and she

4. The man who was sick tried to rise, but

5. If you want to leave,

6.

Procedure for Sentence AnalysisHere is a systematic approach to sentence analysis some students fi nd helpful.

1. Underline all the verbs and circle all the subjects in the sentence.

2. Draw a box around each clause.

3. Label each box as either IC (independent clause) or DC (dependent clause).

4. Add up the number of each kind of clause and apply the following formula. (See the chart on page 59 for a more detailed explanation and examples.)

One IC � Simple

Two or more ICs � Compound

One IC and one or more DCs � Complex

Two or more ICs and one or more DCs � Compound-Complex

Example:

Although he played well all season,

his team lost ten games and fi nished in last place.

DC

IC

1 DC � 1 IC � Complex




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

E X E R C I S E 6 I d e n t i f y i n g Ty p e s o f S e n t e n c e s

Indicate the kind of sentence by writing the appropriate letter(s) in the blank.

S simpleCP compoundCX complexCC compound-complex

Underline the verbs and circle the subjects. Consider using labeled boxes as shown in the previous example.

___________ 1. The most popular sport in the world is soccer.

___________ 2. People in ancient China and Japan had a form of soccer, and even Rome had a game that resembled soccer.

___________ 3. The game as it is played today got its start in England.

___________ 4. In the Middle Ages, whole towns played soccer on Shrove Tuesday.

___________ 5. Goals were built at opposite ends of town, and hundreds of people who lived in those towns would play on each side.

___________ 6. Such games resembled full-scale brawls.

___________ 7. The fi rst side to score a goal won and was declared village champion.

___________ 8. Then both sides tended to the wounded, and they didn’t play again for a whole year.

___________ 9. The rules of the game were written in the late 1800s at British boarding schools.

___________ 10. Now nearly every European country has a national soccer team, and the teams participate in international tournaments.




Underline the verbs and circle the subjects. Consider using labeled boxes as shown on page 63.



65

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Procedure for Sentence Analysis

___________ 1. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance.

___________ 2. His portrait Mona Lisa and his religious scene The Last Supper rank among the most famous pictures ever painted.

___________ 3. Da Vinci was trained to be a painter, but he was also one of the most versatile geniuses in all of history.

___________ 4. His interests and achievements spread into an astonishing variety of fi elds that are usually considered scientifi c specialties.

___________ 5. Da Vinci studied anatomy, astronomy, botany, and geology, and he designed machines and drew plans for hundreds of inventions.

___________ 6. He recorded his scientifi c observations and his ideas for inventions in notebooks.

___________ 7. About 4,200 pages still exist; they are fi lled with brilliant draw-ings that reveal da Vinci’s powers of observation and skill as a draftsman.

___________ 8. His recorded ideas were ahead of their time; for example, he drew plans for a fl ying machine, and he came up with the parachute, too.

___________ 9. These drawings rank among da Vinci’s greatest masterpieces.

___________ 10. Although scientists of his day believed in an Earth-centered universe, da Vinci’s notebooks reveal his understanding of the Earth’s movement around the Sun.





___________ 1. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) compiled a list of the seven wonders of the modern world.

___________ 2. These engineering experts based their decisions on several factors; for example, they evaluated the pioneering quality of




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

structures’ design or construction, the structures’ contributions to humanity, and the engineering challenges that were overcome to build the structures.

___________ 3. One structure on the list is the 31-mile Channel Tunnel, or Chunnel, which connects England and France through a system of tunnels under the English Channel.

___________ 4. Another marvel is the Panama Canal; it took 42,000 workers ten years to dig a canal across Panama to connect the Atlantic and Pacifi c oceans.

___________ 5. Although it was completed back in 1937, San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge remains the world’s tallest suspension bridge.

___________ 6. The bridge’s construction involved many diffi culties, for workers faced strong tides, frequent storms and fog, and the problem of blasting rock under deep water for earthquake-resistant foundations.

___________ 7. Two of the structures on the ASCE’s list of wonders are buildings.

___________ 8. One of them is New York’s Empire State Building, and the other is the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada.

___________ 9. Even though it is no longer the tallest building in the world, the well-engineered Empire State Building held that record for forty years, and its construction revolutionized the skyscraper construction industry.

___________ 10. The Itaipu Dam at the Brazil/Paraguay border and the dams, fl oodgates, and storm surge barriers of the Netherlands’ North Sea Protection Works illustrate humanity’s ability to master the forces of nature, so they are the sixth and seventh items on the list.







67

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Chapter Review

___________ 1. Around 500 BCE, the Mayans began to create their civilization in the southern Gulf Coast region and present-day Guatemala.

___________ 2. The result was remarkable for its brilliant achievements.

___________ 3. Although they had no wheeled vehicles and no beasts of bur-den such as horses or oxen, they moved great pieces of stone to build their temples.

___________ 4. They had no iron tools; however, because they shaped their stone blocks so skillfully, their pyramids still stand.

___________ 5. The pyramids were the center of Mayan religious ceremonies.

___________ 6. The Mayans built many city-states, and the ruins of at least eighty have been found.

___________ 7. The tallest pyramid was as high as a twenty-story building.

___________ 8. A small temple was constructed at the top, where priests conducted ceremonies.

___________ 9. These pyramids were surrounded by plazas and avenues.

___________ 10. The Mayans were able to build complex structures and to invent an accurate calendar because they knew mathematics well.

CHAPTER REVIEW Kinds of SentencesOn the basis of number and kinds of clauses, sentences may be classifi ed as simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.

CLAUSES

1. A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that functions as a part or all of a complete sentence. There are two kinds of clauses: independent (main) and dependent (subordinate).

2. An independent (main) clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone and make sense. An independent clause expresses a complete thought by itself and can be written as a separate sentence.

I have the money.

3. A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that depends on a main clause to give it meaning.

When you are ready




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

TYPES OF SENTENCES

Type Defi nition Example

Simple One independent clause

Susan was having trouble with her spelling.

Compound Two or more independent clauses

Susan was having trouble with her spelling, and she purchased a computer with a spell checker.

Complex One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

Because Susan was having trouble with her spelling, she purchased a computer with a spell checker.

Compound-complex Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Because Susan was having trouble with her spelling, she pur-chased a computer with a spell checker, and the results made her expenditure worthwhile.

PUNCTUATION

1. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) between two inde-pendent clauses.

The movie was good, but the tickets were expensive.

2. Use a comma after a dependent clause that appears before the main clause.

When the bus arrived, we quickly boarded.

3. Use a semicolon between two independent clauses in one sentence if there is no coordinating conjunction.

The bus arrived; we quickly boarded.

CHAPTER REVIEW Exercises

Identifying Types of Sentences




REVIEW 1



69

Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

Chapter Review Exercises

___________ 1. For more than forty years, dolphins have served in the U.S. Navy.

___________ 2. Dolphins use echolocation, which involves transmitting sound waves at objects and then reading the “echoes” from those objects.

___________ 3. They can distinguish a BB pellet from a kernel of corn from fi fty feet away.

___________ 4. They can also tell the difference between natural and human-made objects, so the navy has trained dolphins to detect explosive anti-ship mines.

___________ 5. After unmanned undersea vehicles use sonar to identify suspicious objects, a dolphin and his team of humans go into watery combat zones to evaluate those objects.

___________ 6. When a dolphin positively identifi es a mine, the location is marked, and divers arrive later to remove the mine.

___________ 7. During the 2003 war with Iraq, dolphins helped to disarm 100 mines and underwater booby traps planted in the water near the port city of Umm Qasr.

___________ 8. The dolphins are not in jeopardy because they are trained to stay a safe distance from the mines.

___________ 9. Dolphins also protected warships during the Vietnam War; in 1970, for example, the presence of fi ve navy dolphins prevented enemy divers from destroying an army pier.

___________ 10. Many people do not realize that dolphins have used their extraordinary abilities to protect American lives during wartime, so the navy considers them to be very valuable assets.

Identifying Types of SentencesIndicate the kind of sentence by writing the appropriate letter(s) in the blank.



___________ 1. Most hummingbirds weigh less than a nickel.

___________ 2. Because they’re so tiny, people think of them as cute, sweet little birds.

REVIEW 2




Cop

yrig

ht ©

2011 W

adsw

orth

, C

enga

ge L

earn

ing.

All

right

s re

serv

ed.

___________ 3. However, hummingbirds are very mean, and they have been dubbed the “junkyard dogs” of the bird world.

___________ 4. A male hummingbird will fi ercely guard a nectar feeder or a patch of fl owers, and if any other hummingbirds come near, he will attack them.

___________ 5. The bird will threaten intruders, chase them, ram them in mid-air, and try to stab them with its beak.

___________ 6. Hummingbirds can even intimidate birds like hawks, which are a hundred times their size.

___________ 7. These territorial birds can be vicious, but they do have a good reason.

___________ 8. They expend a lot of energy; as a matter of fact, their hearts beat 1,200 times a minute, and their wings beat at over 2,000 revolutions per minute.

___________ 9. To survive, a hummingbird must consume 7 to 12 calories per day; in human terms, that would be 204,300 calories per day, which is the amount in 171 pounds of hamburger.

___________ 10. If you had to round up that much grub every day, you, too, might get very protective of your food source.

Writing Types of Sentences

Write a paragraph or two (a total of about ten sentences) on the topic of food (eating or preparing). Then examine your sentences and mark at least one example of each kind: simple (S), compound (CP), complex (CX), and compound-complex (CC). If any kinds are not represented, do some simple sentence revision.

REVIEW 3

To practice your skills acquired in this chapter, return to the Microtheme on page 56 and complete Exercise B.

MICROTHEME

For additional practice, visit www.cengage.com/devenglish/brandon/spb6e.

STUDENT COMPANION SITE



http://www.cengage

chapter 4 kinds of sentences - liduaeka.weebly.com€¦ · kinds of sentences writing activity in...

Documents