chapter 4 india and china. section 1 hinduism and buddhism hinduism and buddhism

Chapter 4 India and China

Section 1 Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism and Buddhism

The Beliefs of Hinduism It has no single founder and no single sacred text It has no single founder and no single sacred text Due to that, it has become very complex with countless Gods and Goddesses Due to that, it has become very complex with countless Gods and Goddesses However all Hindus share certain basic beliefs However all Hindus share certain basic beliefs

The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Many Gods- or One? Many Gods- or One? The universe is part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual force called Brahman The universe is part of the unchanging, all powerful spiritual force called Brahman Most important Gods are: Most important Gods are: Brahma Creator Brahma Creator Vishnu Preserver Vishnu Preserver Shiva Destroyer Shiva Destroyer Each represents parts of Brahman Each represents parts of Brahman Sacred Texts Sacred Texts Hindu teachings recorded in Vedas and Upanishads Hindu teachings recorded in Vedas and Upanishads Specifically the Bhagavad-Gita Specifically the Bhagavad-Gita

The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) The Goal of Life The Goal of Life Everyone has an essential self, or Atman Everyone has an essential self, or Atman Ultimately desire Moksha Ultimately desire Moksha Union with Brahman Union with Brahman Achieved by discarding selfish desires Achieved by discarding selfish desires Believe in reincarnation Believe in reincarnation Rebirth of the soul in another form Rebirth of the soul in another form Allows people to work towards moksha Allows people to work towards moksha

The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Karma and Dharma Karma and Dharma Must obey the law of Karma Must obey the law of Karma All the actions a persons life that affect his or her fate in the next life All the actions a persons life that affect his or her fate in the next life Live virtuously and earn higher level of existence Live virtuously and earn higher level of existence Live selfishly and earn suffering Live selfishly and earn suffering They stress Dharma They stress Dharma The religious and moral duties of an individual The religious and moral duties of an individual Obey Dharma, a person acquires merit for the next life Obey Dharma, a person acquires merit for the next life

The Beliefs of Hinduism (cont) Also believe in Ahimsa Also believe in Ahimsa Nonviolence Nonviolence Opposition to the Brahmins Opposition to the Brahmins Emphasized meditation, self-denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa Emphasized meditation, self-denial, and an extreme form of ahimsa

Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One Foothill of Himalayas, Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism Foothill of Himalayas, Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism Early Life Early Life Signs predicted that Gautama would become a wandering holy man Signs predicted that Gautama would become a wandering holy man Gautama was in the high caste system Gautama was in the high caste system The Search The Search When he discovered misery, he left home to seek the cure to misery When he discovered misery, he left home to seek the cure to misery Sought Hindu wisdom, but found no answer Sought Hindu wisdom, but found no answer He sat and meditated for 48 days, until he understood the cure He sat and meditated for 48 days, until he understood the cure He arose and became Buddha, Enlightened One He arose and became Buddha, Enlightened One

Followers accompanied the Buddha as he preached across Northern India. Some Buddhists set up monasteries and convents that grew into centers of learning. Missionaries and traders spread Buddhism across India to many parts of Asia. Spread of Buddhism 1

Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One (cont) Four Noble Truths Four Noble Truths All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow All life is full of suffering, pain and sorrow The Cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life The Cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path The way to overcome desire is to follow the Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path being right views, right aspirations, Right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation. The Eightfold Path being right views, right aspirations, Right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation. Final Goal is Nirvana Final Goal is Nirvana Union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth Union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth

Gautama Buddha: The Enlightened One (cont) Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Buddhism and Hinduism Compared Both stress nonviolence, believed in Karma, Dharma, Moksha, and a cycle of rebirth Both stress nonviolence, believed in Karma, Dharma, Moksha, and a cycle of rebirth Buddha rejects priests, formal rituals and many gods of Hinduism Buddha rejects priests, formal rituals and many gods of Hinduism

Spread of Buddhism Work out your own salvation with diligence Buddha Work out your own salvation with diligence Buddha Sacred Text Sacred Text Tripitaka Tripitaka Three Baskets of Wisdom Three Baskets of Wisdom Overcome anger by not growing angry. Overcome evil with good. Overcome the liar by truth Overcome anger by not growing angry. Overcome evil with good. Overcome the liar by truth

Spread of Buddhism (cont) Two Sects Two Sects Split into two major sects Split into two major sects Smaller groups Smaller groups Theravada Theravada Strict Buddha followers that believed only monks and nuns could reach nirvana Strict Buddha followers that believed only monks and nuns could reach nirvana Mahayana Mahayana Easier for ordinary people to reach nirvana Easier for ordinary people to reach nirvana Saw Buddha and others Gods as compassionate and more personal Saw Buddha and others Gods as compassionate and more personal Described many heavens and hells Described many heavens and hells Decline in India Decline in India Hinduism ultimately absorbed some Buddhist ideas Hinduism ultimately absorbed some Buddhist ideas Buddhism generally driven out of India Buddhism generally driven out of India

Section 2 Powerful Empires of India Powerful Empires of India

The Maurya Empire Rival Rajahs fought over control of Ganges Valley Rival Rajahs fought over control of Ganges Valley Chandragupta Chandragupta Chandragupta Maurya forged the first great Indian Empire Chandragupta Maurya forged the first great Indian Empire After conquering the Ganges Valley, he conquered north India After conquering the Ganges Valley, he conquered north India He had a well organized bureaucracy He had a well organized bureaucracy taxes, managed state owned factories and shipyards taxes, managed state owned factories and shipyards Effective government, but harsh Effective government, but harsh crack down on dissent crack down on dissent any differing or opposing ideas any differing or opposing ideas

The Maurya Empire (cont) Asoka Asoka Most honored Maurya emperor Most honored Maurya emperor Conquered much of the Deccan Plateau Conquered much of the Deccan Plateau Converted to Buddhism Converted to Buddhism rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example rejected violence, and resolved to rule by moral example Sent missionaries to Sri Lanka Sent missionaries to Sri Lanka People sent on a religious mission People sent on a religious mission Helped spread Buddhism to Asia Helped spread Buddhism to Asia preached tolerance preached tolerance Built temples, roads, hospitals, rest houses for travelers Built temples, roads, hospitals, rest houses for travelers

The Maurya Empire (cont) Division and Disunity Division and Disunity After Asokas death Maurya power declined by 185 B.C. After Asokas death Maurya power declined by 185 B.C. Ancient times, as today, people are divided culturally in the south and the north Ancient times, as today, people are divided culturally in the south and the north Often the north was conquered by foreigners Often the north was conquered by foreigners

Kingdoms of the Deccan People of the Deccan were Dravidians with different languages and traditions People of the Deccan were Dravidians with different languages and traditions For example, women had high status and economic power For example, women had high status and economic power Religiously tolerant Religiously tolerant Trade was very important Trade was very important Improved harbors to support overseas trade Improved harbors to support overseas trade Especially to the Roman Empire Especially to the Roman Empire

Golden Age of the Guptas Arose out of the north of India Arose out of the north of India Gupta emperors had a strong central government that promoted peace and prosperity Gupta emperors had a strong central government that promoted peace and prosperity Golden age between 320-550 A.D. Golden age between 320-550 A.D. period of great cultural achievements period of great cultural achievements Peace and Prosperity Peace and Prosperity Generally a confederate style government Generally a confederate style government locals having most power locals having most power Trade and Farming very bountiful Trade and Farming very bountiful Exported to East Africa, Middle East and Southeast Asia Exported to East Africa, Middle East and Southeast Asia

Golden Age of the Guptas (cont) Advances in Learning Advances in Learning Students educated in religious schools Students educated in religious schools including math, medicine, physics, languages, literatures, and other subjects including math, medicine, physics, languages, literatures, and other subjects Created numerals Created numerals including zero, decimal system of numbers based on 10 including zero, decimal system of numbers based on 10 Architecture Architecture Hindus built stone temples Hindus built stone temples Buddhist built stupas Buddhist built stupas large dome-shaped shrines that housed the sacred remains of the Buddha or other holy people large dome-shaped shrines that housed the sacred remains of the Buddha or other holy people

Golden Age of the Guptas (cont) Magnificent Carvings Magnificent Carvings Both temples and stupas, were covered in magnificent carvings of gods and goddesses Both temples and stupas, were covered in magnificent carvings of gods and goddesses including Shiva, who is a four-armed God including Shiva, who is a four-armed God Paintings at Ajanta Paintings at Ajanta Murals painted recalling Buddhist stories and legends Murals painted recalling Buddhist stories and legends wall paintings wall paintings Literature Literature Greatest Gupta poet and playwright was Kalidasa Greatest Gupta poet and playwright was Kalidasa

Looking Ahead Eventually Gupta India declines under the pressure of weak rulers, civil war, and foreign invaders. Eventually Gupta India declines under the pressure of weak rulers, civil war, and foreign invaders. One group of invaders is the White Huns from Central Asia One group of invaders is the White Huns from Central Asia

Section 3 Pillars of Indian Life Pillars of Indian Life

The Complex Caste System It is better to do ones own duty badly than to do anothers duty well. Krishna from the Bhagavad-Gita It is better to do ones own duty badly than to do anothers duty well. Krishna from the Bhagavad-Gita Many Castes Many Castes As new groups of invaders were absorbed into society, new caste systems were created As new groups of invaders were absorbed into society, new caste systems were created

The Complex Caste System (cont) Complex Rules Complex Rules Closely linked to Hindu beliefs Closely linked to Hindu beliefs Brahmins were pure and therefore closer to Moksha than lower class individuals Brahmins were pure and therefore closer to Moksha than lower class individuals Rules and dictations, regulated what, where, when individuals in the each caste system could do Rules and dictations, regulated what, where, when individuals in the each caste system could do Lowest outcastes were called Untouchables Lowest outcastes were called Untouchables impure jobs such as digging graves, cleaning streets, or turning animal hides into leather impure jobs such as digging graves, cleaning streets, or turning animal hides into leather Upper classes avoided contact with untouchables Upper classes avoided contact with untouchables

The Complex Caste System (cont) Effects Effects Caste system ensured a stable social order Caste system ensured a stable social order Karma determined their caste Karma determined their caste By doing their current duties, the could be re- birthed into a better caste system By doing their current duties, the could be re- birthed into a better caste system Caste levels depended on each other, as only certain jobs were done in each caste Caste levels depended on each other, as only certain jobs were done in each caste

Family Life Structure Structure Ideal Family was a joint family Ideal Family was a joint family parents, children, grandchildren, uncles, and their offspring shared a common dwelling parents, children, grandchildren, uncles, and their offspring shared a common dwelling Patriarchal society Patriarchal society father or oldest male headed the household father or oldest male headed the household prosperity belonged to the whole family prosperity belonged to the whole family

Family Life (cont) Children and Parents Children and Parents Learned early their caste rules and duties Learned early their caste rules and duties Son learned the ritual duties of the males Son learned the ritual duties of the males Daughters to serve and obey husband Daughters to serve and obey husband Parents duty was arranging good marriages based on caste and family interests Parents duty was arranging good marriages based on caste and family interests brides father offered dowry brides father offered dowry payment to the bridegroom payment to the bridegroom financed the costly wedding festivities financed the costly wedding festivities Daughter would leave family for husbands family Daughter would leave family for husbands family

Family Life (cont) Womens Lives Womens Lives Generally had freedom to wonder freely Generally had freedom to wonder freely However through the years, the women began to be restricted However through the years, the women began to be restricted Primary duty to marry, have kids and raise them Primary duty to marry, have kids and raise them However, few rights otherwise However, few rights otherwise High Caste widows were not allowed to remarry High Caste widows were not allowed to remarry

Village Life Villages were filled with each level of the caste system Villages were filled with each level of the caste system Doing the duties necessary for the village to survive Doing the duties necessary for the village to survive Feudal system in terms of farms Feudal system in terms of farms Generally self-sufficient Generally self-sufficient However there was periodic communication between villages However there was periodic communication between villages

Section 4 Philosophy and Religion in China Philosophy and Religion in China

The Wisdom of Confucius Lead the people by virtue and they will have a sense of shame and moreover will become good. Lead the people by virtue and they will have a sense of shame and moreover will become good. Confucius is the western version of the name Kong Fuzi, or Master Kong Confucius is the western version of the name Kong Fuzi, or Master Kong Born in 551 B.C. to a noble but poor family Born in 551 B.C. to a noble but poor family Became a teacher Became a teacher Much like Gautama Buddha in India and Socrates in Greece, he did not formally write down his sayings Much like Gautama Buddha in India and Socrates in Greece, he did not formally write down his sayings However his students collected them into the Analects However his students collected them into the Analects He cared very little for religion and Salvation He cared very little for religion and Salvation He developed a philosophy concerned with worldly goals, specifically social order and a good government He developed a philosophy concerned with worldly goals, specifically social order and a good government System of ideas System of ideas

The Wisdom of Confucius (cont) Five Relationships Five Relationships Harmony resulted when people accepted their positions in life Harmony resulted when people accepted their positions in life father to son father to son elder brother to younger brother elder brother to younger brother husband to wife husband to wife ruler to subject ruler to subject friend to friend friend to friend Superiors should care for their inferiors Superiors should care for their inferiors Correct Behavior would bring order and stability Correct Behavior would bring order and stability Filial piety Filial piety respect for parents, above all other duties respect for parents, above all other duties

The Wisdom of Confucius (cont) Government Government Ruler must provide a good government Ruler must provide a good government specifically by good example specifically by good example Spread of Confucianism Spread of Confucianism His ideas greatly influenced Chinese rulers, especially filial piety His ideas greatly influenced Chinese rulers, especially filial piety Spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam, as they were taken over by the Chinese Civilizations Spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam, as they were taken over by the Chinese Civilizations

The Harsh Ideas of Legalism Philosopher Hanfeizi stressed that rulers impose strict rules to control human greed, the greatest evil Philosopher Hanfeizi stressed that rulers impose strict rules to control human greed, the greatest evil Became known as legalism Became known as legalism Influences Chinese ideas that people are required to work on government projects and punish those who shirk their duties Influences Chinese ideas that people are required to work on government projects and punish those who shirk their duties

Daoism: The Unspoken Way Founder of Daoism was Laozi, or Old Master Founder of Daoism was Laozi, or Old Master Wrote the book The Way of Virtue Wrote the book The Way of Virtue Sought to live in harmony with nature Sought to live in harmony with nature Seeking They Way Seeking They Way Focus on Dao or The Way of the universe Focus on Dao or The Way of the universe Stress the virtue of yielding Stress the virtue of yielding water the example most often used water the example most often used

Daoism: The Unspoken Way (cont) Government Government Viewed government as unnatural, there the cause of many problems Viewed government as unnatural, there the cause of many problems Best government governs the least Best government governs the least A Blend of Ideas A Blend of Ideas Evolved into a religion involving many gods, goddesses, and magical practices Evolved into a religion involving many gods, goddesses, and magical practices Eventually Confucianism and Daoism were combined by many Eventually Confucianism and Daoism were combined by many Confucianism showed them how to behave Confucianism showed them how to behave Daoism influenced their view of the natural world Daoism influenced their view of the natural world

Buddhism in China By 100 A.D. Buddhist missionaries had spread Mahayana Buddhism from India into China By 100 A.D. Buddhist missionaries had spread Mahayana Buddhism from India into China Became very popular, despite conflict with cultural view of family Became very popular, despite conflict with cultural view of family Offered escape from suffering Offered escape from suffering Offered hope of eternal happiness and presented Buddha as a compassionate, merciful God Offered hope of eternal happiness and presented Buddha as a compassionate, merciful God Through prayer, good works and devotion, anyone could hope to gain salvation Through prayer, good works and devotion, anyone could hope to gain salvation

Buddhism in China (cont) By 400 A.D. Buddhism a prominent religion, while absorbing some ideas form Confucianism and Daoism By 400 A.D. Buddhism a prominent religion, while absorbing some ideas form Confucianism and Daoism Chinese Buddhist monks stressed filial piety and honored Confucius Chinese Buddhist monks stressed filial piety and honored Confucius

Section 5 Strong Rulers Unite China Strong Rulers Unite China

Shi Huangdi Zeng rose to power and proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi or First Emperor Zeng rose to power and proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi or First Emperor Using rewards for merit and punishments for failure, he built the strong authoritarian government of the Qin Dynasty Using rewards for merit and punishments for failure, he built the strong authoritarian government of the Qin Dynasty Became known as the Classical Age Became known as the Classical Age Patterns that are evident throughout Chinese history Patterns that are evident throughout Chinese history

Shi Huangdi (cont) Unity Imposed Unity Imposed Emperor abolished feudalism in China Emperor abolished feudalism in China replaced it with military districts and appointed loyal officials to administer them replaced it with military districts and appointed loyal officials to administer them Then sent spies to report back to emperor about the officials actions Then sent spies to report back to emperor about the officials actions High taxes paid to support armies and building projects High taxes paid to support armies and building projects Standardized weights and measures Standardized weights and measures created common coinage created common coinage extended roads and canals extended roads and canals had scholars create uniformity in Chinese writing had scholars create uniformity in Chinese writing

Shi Huangdi (cont) Crackdown on Dissent Crackdown on Dissent He jailed, tortured, and killed many who opposed his rule He jailed, tortured, and killed many who opposed his rule destroyed all the works of literature and philosophy destroyed all the works of literature and philosophy The Great Wall The Great Wall Shi Huangdis most remarkable achievement Shi Huangdis most remarkable achievement Built it to unite many walls already in place Built it to unite many walls already in place over the centuries the wall was extended over the centuries the wall was extended Became a very important symbol to the Chinese Became a very important symbol to the Chinese protecting their civilized world from the nomadic bands from the north protecting their civilized world from the nomadic bands from the north

Shi Huangdi (cont) Collapse Collapse Anger over heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policies, Chin went into revolts Anger over heavy taxes, forced labor, and cruel policies, Chin went into revolts As Qin Power collapsed Liu Bang arose, creating the Han Dynasty As Qin Power collapsed Liu Bang arose, creating the Han Dynasty Bang Claimed the Mandate of Heaven Bang Claimed the Mandate of Heaven

The Han Dynasty Bang took the title of Gao Zu Bang took the title of Gao Zu Lowered taxes and eased harsh Legalist policies Lowered taxes and eased harsh Legalist policies Appointed Confucian scholars as advisers Appointed Confucian scholars as advisers Lasted for nearly 400 years Lasted for nearly 400 years

The Han Dynasty (cont) Emperor Wudi Emperor Wudi Wudi was the most famous Han emperor Wudi was the most famous Han emperor Chose officials from Confucian wisdom and virtue Chose officials from Confucian wisdom and virtue Improved canals and roads Improved canals and roads Built granaries in order to help stabilize grain prices Built granaries in order to help stabilize grain prices Imposed government monopoly on iron and salt Imposed government monopoly on iron and salt complete control of a product or business by one person or group complete control of a product or business by one person or group Gave government a source of income other than taxes Gave government a source of income other than taxes Followed a policy of Expansionism Followed a policy of Expansionism increasing the amount of territory under Chinese rule increasing the amount of territory under Chinese rule Took over Manchuria, Korea, Northern Vietnam, Tibet and Central Asia Took over Manchuria, Korea, Northern Vietnam, Tibet and Central Asia

The Han Dynasty (cont) Silk Road to the West Silk Road to the West Wudi opened the trade route that ended up becoming called the Silk Road Wudi opened the trade route that ended up becoming called the Silk Road Goods traded from Rome to China, and parts in between Goods traded from Rome to China, and parts in between Stretched for nearly 4,000 miles Stretched for nearly 4,000 miles Scholar-Officials Scholar-Officials Confucianism was the official belief of the governmental system Confucianism was the official belief of the governmental system

The Han Dynasty (cont) Civil Service Examination Civil Service Examination Positions gained by merit as opposed to family background Positions gained by merit as opposed to family background setup exams to determine someones capabilities setup exams to determine someones capabilities Women were closed out of governmental jobs Women were closed out of governmental jobs Dynasties rose and fell, but Confucian influence survived Dynasties rose and fell, but Confucian influence survived Collapse of the Han Empire Collapse of the Han Empire Court intrigues undermined emperors who could no long control powerful warlords Court intrigues undermined emperors who could no long control powerful warlords local military rulers local military rulers Weak Emperors, rebellious peasants, and ambitious warlords ended the Han Dynasty Weak Emperors, rebellious peasants, and ambitious warlords ended the Han Dynasty

Achievements of the Han Golden Age Science Science Wrote texts on chemistry, zoology, botany and other subjects Wrote texts on chemistry, zoology, botany and other subjects Observed stars and planets Observed stars and planets invented better timekeeping devices invented better timekeeping devices including a seismograph including a seismograph Medicine Medicine Acupuncture Acupuncture doctor inserts needles under the skin at specific points to relieve pain or treat various illnesses doctor inserts needles under the skin at specific points to relieve pain or treat various illnesses Technology Technology Made paper out of wood pulp Made paper out of wood pulp still used to make paper today still used to make paper today Shipbuilding Shipbuilding invented rudder to steer invented rudder to steer The Arts The Arts Temples and Palaces Temples and Palaces

Looking Ahead The series of governments started during the Han Dynasty, lasted up until 1912 The series of governments started during the Han Dynasty, lasted up until 1912 Every new dynasty sought to recapture the glory of the Han Dynasty Every new dynasty sought to recapture the glory of the Han Dynasty

chapter 4 india and china. section 1 hinduism and buddhism hinduism and buddhism

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