chapter 4 gene translation: rna → protein
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein. 4.1 Translation System 1. Genetic codon. Degeneracy Generality Particularity Codon Anticodon. Wobble hypothesis. 2. mRNA structure mRNA structure of prokaryotes polycistron Shine-Dalgarno sequence. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4
Gene Translation: RNA → Protein
![Page 2: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
4.1 Translation System
1. Genetic codon
Degeneracy
Generality
Particularity
Codon
Anticodon
![Page 3: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wobble hypothesis
![Page 4: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. mRNA structure
mRNA structure of prokaryotes
polycistron
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
mRNA structure of eukaryotes single cistron 5’-cap 3’-poly(A)
![Page 5: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3. tRNA
Extra arm
Acceptor arm
Anticodon loop
D loop TψCG loop
cloverleaf structure
![Page 6: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
tertiary structure
Upside-down “L”( 倒 L 形 )
![Page 7: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
size of
ribosome
Size of
subunits
Ratio
(RNA : protein)
prokaryotes 70S 50S, 30S 2 : 1
mammalian 80S 60S, 40S 3 : 2
5. Ribosome
![Page 8: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
4.2 Protein Synthesis in ProkaryotesInitiation1 、 Ribosome 30S subunit2 、 template mRNA3 、 fMet-tRNAfMet
4 、 IF-1, IF-2, IF-35 、 GTP6 、 Ribosome 50S subunit7 、 Mg2 +
![Page 10: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Initiation
![Page 11: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Elongation
aa-tRNA →A site
![Page 12: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Formation of Peptide Bond
![Page 13: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Translocation
![Page 14: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Elongation of peptide chain
![Page 15: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
RE1, RF2, or RF3
Termination of translation
![Page 16: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Peptide chain released
Animation
![Page 17: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4.3 Protein Synthesis in Eukaryotes
Initiation
![Page 18: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Processing of Nascent Protein
Removing fMet or Met
Formation of S-S bond
Chemical modification of amino acid
Intein splicing
![Page 22: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Mechanism of Protein Splicing
![Page 23: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. Functions of Chaperones
4.4 Molecular Chaperone
2. Main Types of Chaperones
molecular chaperone
chaperonin
trigger factor
![Page 24: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chaperonins
![Page 26: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Trigger Factor in E. coli
![Page 27: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4.5 Transmembrane Transport of Protein
Signal Hypothesis
Signal peptide,
SRP
DP
Signal peptidase
![Page 28: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Model for the translocation of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes
![Page 29: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(1) Components of Ubiquitin
4.6 Protein Degradation
1. Ubiquitin
(2) Ubiquitination
![Page 32: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
2. Proteasomes
![Page 33: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3. Protein Degradation Pathways
(1) Ubiquitin-dependent degradation
(2) Ubiquitin-independent degradation
![Page 34: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Summary
1. Structure of tRNA and ribosome
2. Procedures of protein translation
3. Differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic translation
4. What is the function of intein splicing?
5. Types of molecular chaperone and their functions
6. What is signal peptide? What is signal hypothesis?
7. Ubiquitin and mechanism of protein degradation
![Page 35: Chapter 4 Gene Translation: RNA → Protein](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062217/56814de5550346895dbb558f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)