Chapter 4

Foundations and Principles of Pharmacology

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Learning Objectives

Define the key words used in pharmacology and medication administration

Explain differences between the chemical, generic, official, and brand names of medicines

List the basic types of drug actions Describe the four basic physiologic

processes that affect medications in the body

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Overview

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacotherapeutics Box 4-1: Key Words Used in Pharmacology

and Drug Administration

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Drug Names

Generic name Trade name; ® symbol Chemical name Official name

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Types of Drug Actions

Drug attachment Receptor sites

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Drug Receptor Sites

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Drug Attachment

Agonist Antagonist Partial Agonist

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Basic Drug Processes

Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

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Four Processes of Drug Utilization

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Absorption

How a drug enters the body and passes into

body fluids and tissues Absorption processes:

Diffusion—high concentration to lower concentration Filtration—a filter prevents passage of certain

molecules Osmosis—diffusion through a semipermeable

membrane from a less dense solution to a more dense solution

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Diffusion

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Filtration

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Osmosis

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Distribution

Blood system Lymph system Barriers:

Blood-brain Placental

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Metabolism

Biotransformation First-pass effect Affected by genetic and developmental

factors

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Excretion

GI tract Kidneys Lungs Skin

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Question 1

A nephrotoxic drug is harmful to the:

1. Skin.2. Kidneys.3. Lungs.4. Liver.

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Learning Objectives

Discuss the differences between side effects and adverse affects

List the basic types of drug actions

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Basics of Drug Action

Desired action Adverse reactions Idiosyncratic reactions

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Bioequivalence

Define Brand name versus generic Generic equivalent

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Drug Interactions

Drug action may depend on ability to dissolve quickly or slowly

Controlled by medication form Oil-based drugs

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Food, Alcohol, and Drug Interactions

Food interactions Alcohol interactions Drugs and laboratory tests Chronotherapy

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Question 2

An idiosyncratic response is a drug reaction that is:

1. Expected.2. Predicted.3. Unique.4. Anticipated.

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Question 3

Which medicine is more likely to cause an allergic reaction?

1. Acetaminophen2. Aspirin3. Cough suppressant4. Antidepressant

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