chapter 4 biology. 4-3 biomes biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by...

Chapter

4

Biology

4-3 Biomes

• Biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by certain soil, climate conditions, plants and animals

• The climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there

• Within a biome, temperature and precipitation can vary over small distances

• Latitude is an important abiotic factor to both land and aquatic biomes

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Tropical rain forest

Tropical dry forest

Tropical savanna

Tundra

Temperate grassland

Desert

Temperate woodlandand shrublandMountains and ice caps

Boreal forest(Taiga)

Northwesternconiferous forest

Temperate forest

60°N

30°S

0° Equator

60°S

30°N

The Terrestrial Biomes

• Tropical Rain Forest

• Precipitation – 200-400cm of rainfall annually

• Soil – low in nutrients

• Plants – broad-leaved evergreen trees, ferns, large woody vines and climbing plants, orchids

• Animals – birds, snakes, monkeys, frogs, ants

• Temperature – warm year round 25-29ºC

• Located near equator

• One small acre may support 100 species of plants

• Species live at various levels

• Contains more species of organisms than anywhere else

Copyright Pearson Prentice HallFig. 50.16, p. 908

• Desert

• Precipitation – less than 10cm of rain per year

• Soil – sandy soil, low in nutrients and very little or no topsoil

• Plants – succulent plants that have needle shaped leaves to reduce water loss

• Animals – rattlesnakes, lizards, spiders, roadrunners

• Temperature – humidity is very low so suns rays penetrate and heat the ground quickly so its hot during the day and cold at night

• Plants are adapted to growing, flowering and producing seed quickly

• Plants are deep rooted

• Desertification – conversion of grasslands and other productive biomes to desertlike wastelands

• Grassland

• Precipitation – 25-100cm of rain per year

• Soil – very rich in nutrients and deep layer of topsoil

• Plants – tall and short grasses and small plants

• Animals – bison, wolves, prairie dogs, foxes, coyotes

• Temperature – warm summers and very cold winters

• Found in the interior of continents

• Also called prairies

• Not enough rain to support trees

• Savanna


• Soil – compact soils

• Plants – grasses, scattered trees

• Animals – lions, cheetahs, elephants, giraffes, zebras, ostriches, rhinoceros

• Temperature – warm year round, 24-29ºC

• Woodland and Shrubland

• Precipitation - 25-60cm of rain per year

• Soil – low in nutrients and highly acidic

• Plants – hardened tough evergreens, wildflowers, grasses

• Animals – coyotes, foxes, bobcats, mountain lions

• Temperature – hot dry summers with periodic fires and cool moist winters

• Western or southern coastal region

• Also called chaparral in areas dominated by shrubs

• Deciduous Forest


• Soil – moist and fertile, rich in humus (decaying leaves and other organic matter)

• Plants – birch, maple, oak, elm, evergreens

• Animals – deer, foxes, raccoons, squirrels, birds

• Temperature – warm during the summer and cold in the winter, 0-30ºC

• Deciduous Trees – lose their leaves annually

• ¼ of bird species

• Coniferous (Taiga) Forest

• Precipitation – 30-70cm of rain per year, frequent droughts

• Soil – low in nutrients and highly acidic

• Plants – cone bearing trees, pines, firs, spruces

• Animals – moose, bears, timberwolves, migratory birds

• Temperature – warm during the summer and cold in the winter

• Needle shape leaves is adaptation for water loss

• Lies south of the tundra

• Tundra


• Soil – thin moist and nutrient poor

• Plants – mosses, lichens, and grasses that survive in soggy soil

• Animals – caribou, reindeer, artic fox

• Temperature – cool in summer and freezing in winter

• Permafrost – permanently frozen ground

• Treeless land

• Long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight

• 4-4 Aquatic Ecosystems

• Nearly ¾’s of the Earth’s surface is covered with water

• Aquatic ecosystems are often grouped according to the abiotic factors that affect them.

• The depth of water determines the amount of light that organisms receive

• Communities of organisms found in shallow water close to shore can be very different from the communities that occur away from shore in deep water

• Freshwater Ecosystems

• Flowing-Water Ecosystems

• Rivers, streams, creeks, and brooks

• Originate in mountains or hills

• 3 Types of Stream Habitats

1. Riffle

• Shallow

• Water flows swiftly over rough bottom of sand and rock

2. Pools

• Deep water flows slowly over smooth bottom

3. Runs

• Smooth surface but fast flowing water

• Standing-Water Ecosystems

• Lakes and ponds

• A Lake has 3 Zones

1. Littoral

• All around the shore

• Water is shallow and well lit

• Diversity is greatest

2. Limnetic

• Open water

• Sunlit water that extends to where photosynthesis takes place

• Plankton, diatoms, green algae

3. Profundal

• Open water

• Below depth of photosynthesis

• Bacterial decomposers


LITTORAL

limit of effective light penetration

LIMNETIC

LITTORAL

PROFUNDAL

• Lakes show seasonal changes in temperate regions

• Spring Overturn

• DO from the surface moves to deep water and nutrients released by decomposition moves to surface

• Fall Overturn

• Upper layer cools becomes denser then sinks

• DO moves down and nutrients move up

• Oligotrophic Lake

• Nutrient poor and oxygen rich

• Deep lake with few phytoplankton

• Eutrophic Lake

• Nutrient rich and oxygen poor

• Has a high rate of biological productivity

Freshwater Wetlands

• Wetland – water covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil at least part of the year

• 3 Types of Freshwater Wetlands

• Bog – wetland that form in depressions where water collects

• Marsh – shallow wetland along river

• Swamp – look like flooded forests, water flows slowly

Estuaries

• Estuary – a place where salt water mixes with fresh water

• The salinity of an estuary changes with the tides so a large range of salt tolerant organisms live there


shallow bay

soundopen ocean

SALT MARSH (estuary)

creektidal cover

• Mangrove – coastal wetland that occur in bays and estuaries across tropical regions

• In southern Florida and Hawaii

• Dominant plants are salt-tolerant trees, called mangrove

Marine Ecosystems• Intertidal Zone

• Portion of the shoreline between the high and low tides

• High levels of sunlight, nutrients, and oxygen but productivity may be limited by waves crashing against the shore

• Organisms that live here have to be adapted to changing conditions

• Benthic Zone

• Includes all sediments and rocks of the ocean bottom

• Starts at continental shelves and extends to deep sea trenches

• Pelagic Zone

• Full volume of ocean water

• Divided into 2 Zones

1. Neritic Zone – all water above continental shelves

2. Oceanic Zone – water of the ocean basins past the continental shelves

• Includes photic and aphotic zone

• Most of the photosynthetic activity on Earth occurs in the photic zone of the open ocean by the smallest producers

• Largest marine zone


neritic zone

oceanic zone

intertidal zone

BENTHIC PROVINCE

PELAGIC PROVINCE 0

200

1,000

2,000

4,000

11,0000 depth (meters)

air at surfacecontinental

shelf

bathyal shelf

abyssal zone

hadal zone

deep-sea trenches

sunlit water

"twilight" water

sunless water

Coral Reefs

• Found in tropical coastal water

• Named for the coral animals whose calcium carbonate skeletons make up their primary structure

• An extraordinary diversity of organisms flourishes among coral reefs

• Reef-building corals grow with the help of algae that live symbiotically within their tissues

chapter 4 biology. 4-3 biomes biome – a large group of ecosystems that are characterized by...

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