CHAPTER 4Ancient India

VocabularyVocabulary

1. subcontinent1. subcontinent 2. monsoons2. monsoons 3. citadel3. citadel 4. Vedas4. Vedas 5. rajas5. rajas 6. varnas6. varnas 7. castes7. castes 8. Hinduism8. Hinduism 9. reincarnation9. reincarnation 10. karma10. karma

VocabularyVocabulary

11. moksha11. moksha 12. dharma12. dharma 13. yoga13. yoga 14. Jainsim14. Jainsim 15. ahimsa15. ahimsa 16. Buddhism16. Buddhism 17. Buddha17. Buddha 18. Four Noble Truths18. Four Noble Truths 19. Eightfold Path19. Eightfold Path 20. nirvana20. nirvana

VocabularyVocabulary

21. Middle Way21. Middle Way 22. loess22. loess 23. oracle bones23. oracle bones 24. Mandate from heaven24. Mandate from heaven 25. dynastic cycle25. dynastic cycle 26. Confucianism26. Confucianism 27. Daoism27. Daoism

QuestionsQuestions

1. How did monsoons affect life in the Indus valley?1. How did monsoons affect life in the Indus valley? 2. What development occurred as the Indus civilization came about?2. What development occurred as the Indus civilization came about? 3. What crafts were created and traded by the Indus Valley civilization?3. What crafts were created and traded by the Indus Valley civilization? 4.How did castes affect life during the Vedic period?4.How did castes affect life during the Vedic period? 5. Describe Brahman. Why can’t people understand Brahman?5. Describe Brahman. Why can’t people understand Brahman?

QuestionsQuestions

6. Describe what Hindus believe happens to the atman after death.6. Describe what Hindus believe happens to the atman after death. 7. What were the names of the people in the Ramayana who are considered a 7. What were the names of the people in the Ramayana who are considered a

model for Hindu couples. What makes them the ideal couple? model for Hindu couples. What makes them the ideal couple? 8. Name several epic Hindu poems and explain how the epic poems different 8. Name several epic Hindu poems and explain how the epic poems different

from the Vedas?from the Vedas? 9. Why did Jains break away from Hinduism?9. Why did Jains break away from Hinduism? 10. Where and when did Buddhism start?10. Where and when did Buddhism start? 11. Why did Buddha believe that living according to the Eightfold Path was 11. Why did Buddha believe that living according to the Eightfold Path was

important? important?

QuestionsQuestions

12. Name three main Buddhist traditions.12. Name three main Buddhist traditions. 13. By what two means did Buddhism spread throughout India and into the East and 13. By what two means did Buddhism spread throughout India and into the East and

Southeast Asia?Southeast Asia? 14. Name the two river valleys where the first Chinese civilizations developed. What 14. Name the two river valleys where the first Chinese civilizations developed. What

geographic features helped the development of civilizations in China?geographic features helped the development of civilizations in China? 15. How were oracle bones related to ancestor worship in Shang China?15. How were oracle bones related to ancestor worship in Shang China? 16. What technological developments were made during the Zhou dynasty? How did 16. What technological developments were made during the Zhou dynasty? How did

each benefit society?each benefit society? 17. What does Confucianism have in common with the religion practiced during the 17. What does Confucianism have in common with the religion practiced during the

Shang dynasty?Shang dynasty?

SECTION ONE OBJECTIVES

-Learn about India’s geographic settings-Find out about life in an ancient city of the Indus River Valley-Examine the rise of a new culture in the Indus and Ganges River Valleys

India’s geographic setting Subcontinent-a large

landmass that juts out from a continent Stretches out from the

Himalayas and juts out from Asia into the Indian Ocean

Historians refer to the entire subcontinent as India, although today it is divided into several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

India’s geographic setting

The land of India is separated from the rest of the world by a great wall.

This wall stretches along India’s northern border and stretches 1,500 miles long and nearly 5 miles high.

It is a wall of snow capped peaks and icy glaciers called the Himalayan mountains, the highest mountain range in the world.

SATELLITE IMAGE OF INDIA

The subcontinent of India

A CLIMATE OF MONSOONS

India’s climate is dominated by monsoons (strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year).

A CLIMATE OF MONSOONS

From October to May, the winter monsoon blows from the northeast, spreading dry air across the country.

In the middle of June, the wind blows from the Indian Ocean, picking up moisture from the ocean.

It carries rains that drench the plains and river valleys daily.

A CLIMATE OF MONSOONS

The people of India depend on summer monsoons to provide life-giving rain.

If the monsoon is late or weak, crops die, causing famine.

If it brings too much rain, overflowing rivers may cause deadly floods.

BARRIERS AND PATHWAYS

The mountains that separate India from other lands, they do have openings.

These openings have served as highways for migration and invasion.

The earliest people of northern India probably entered the Indus River Valley through the pathways of the Himalayas.

How do winter monsoons differ from summer monsoons?

Look on pg. 108 at the “Stone Seals” How do these seals compare to the ways

that present-day merchant identify their goods?

Life in the Indus River Valley Because of the rich soil in

the Indus River Valley, there was a surplus of food, creating a population boom.

Villages turned into cities, and around 2500-1500 B.C., two well-planned cities flourished in the valley-Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.

Mohenjo-DaroTo help protect the city from floods, it was built above ground level.

The city’s highest point served as a citadel-or fortress.

Homes and workshops make up one side of the city while public buildings make up the other.

Streets separated these regular blocks of homes and buildings.

MOHENJO-DAR0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdGbamPgf8o

MOHENJO-DARO

The citadel was built on a high mound of earth. It probably protected the city’s most important buildings, including a storehouse for grain and a bath house.

MOHENJO-DARO

Advanced for its time, Mohenjo-Daro had a drainage system.

Clay pipes ran under brick streets and carried waste from homes and public buildings away from the city.

Outside the city, canals ran along the Indus River, which often flooded.

The canals helped control flooding by catching overflow from the river.

The water was then directed where it was most needed.

MOHENJO-DARO DRAINAGE SYSTEM

LIFE IN MOHENJO-DARO

Merchants and artisans lined the streets. Traders came from as far away as Mesopotamia to buy and

sell goods. Citizens of the city lived in homes that opened onto

courtyards. Children played with toys and pets. Adults enjoyed games and music. Artisans fashioned jewelry and bright cotton clothing for

the people to wear.

MOHENJO-DARO TOYS

TRADE

CLAY ELEPHANTS

ECONOMY

These weights were found in recent excavations at Harappa and may have been used for controlling trade and possibly for collecting taxes.

CLAY SCULPTURES

CERAMICS

ORNAMENTS

NECKLACE

BURIAL

BURIAL

Burial of woman and infant, Harappa. This burial was disturbed in antiquity, possibly by ancient Harappan grave robbers. Besides the fact that the body is flipped and the pottery disturbed, the left arm of the woman is broken and shell bangles that would normally be found on the left arm are missing. The infant was buried in a small pit beneath the legs of the mother.

LIFE IN MOHENJO-DARO

The language of the people is still a mystery. There are symbols on their seals, but experts have

yet to figure out their meaning. The form of government and organized religion are

also unknown. However, there is evidence that the people had a

number of gods.

SEALS

A MYSTERIOUS DECLINE

Around 2000 B.C., Indus valley farmers began to abandon their land.

Here are possible reasons why: The climate changed, making the fertile soil desert-like. Great earthquakes may have caused floods that

destroyed the canals. Without enough food, people began to leave the cities

of the Indus Valley.

A MYSTERIOUS DECLINE

Between 2000 and 1500 B.C., newcomers from the north entered the valley.

They eventually gained power throughout the region and a new culture arose.

ARYANS ARISE IN INDUS RIVER VALLEY

A NEW CULTURE ARISES This new culture called themselves

Aryans, which meant “nobles” or “highborn” in their language.

They migrated from Central Asia, and for several centuries thousands of nomadic herders swept into India.

A NEW CULTURE ARISES

The Aryans were known for their horse drawn chariots, helping them overpower any enemy.

Local people began to adopt the Aryan language.

Marriages between the members of this old and new group created a mixed population.

ARYAN CULTURE SPREADS

This new culture developed in the north Indus Valley and gradually spread to the Ganges valley in the east, where people also adopted the Aryan language.

By 800 B.C., people used iron to make tools and weapons.

With iron axes, these people cleared areas of thick rainforests to built farms, villages, and cities.

ARYAN LIFE

What we know of Aryan life comes from religious books called Vedas, meaning “knowledge”.

We know that the earliest Aryans were herders and warriors who lived in temporary villages.

ARYAN LIFE

Aryan society was organized around three main classes, with a fourth gradually making its way into society: First-Aryan Priests, Brahmans, performed religious

services and composed hymn and prayers Second- Warriors and nobles Third- Artisans and Merchants Fourth- Farm workers, laborers, and servants

BELIEF SYSTEMS: INDIA

Outcastes – Untouchables – “Dalits”

• Too low to be in the caste system• Considered “impure” from birth• Perform jobs that are traditionally considered “unclean”

- scavengers- clean toilets and sewers- handle dead bodies- many Dalit girls forced into prostitution

THE SOCIAL ORDER

By 500 B.C., there was a strict division of classes, which Europeans later called the caste system.

In the beginning, the caste performed special duties. People always to stay in the caste of their parents. People ended up doing the same work that their

parents did and so on for generations. The caste system still exists today, yet it is not as rigid.

FOCUS ON MOHENJO-DARO

Describe the citadel and the lower-city sections of Mohenjo-Daro.

What do the features of Mohenjo-Daro tell us about the people who lived there?

CLASSWORK AND HOMEWORK

Section 1 Assessment pg. 111 Target Reading Skill Comprehension and Critical

Thinking

CHAPTER 4, SECTION 2

Objectives Find out about the beginning of Hinduism Learn about the teachings of Hinduism. Examine the practice of Hinduism.

THE BEGINNINGS OF HINDUISM

After Aryan culture mixed with India’s existing culture, new ideas and beliefs became a part of the Vedas.

From this blending of ideas and beliefs came one of the world’s oldest living religions, Hinduism.

(The mixing of Aryan culture and India’s existing culture birthed the beginnings of one of the world’s oldest living religions, Hinduism.)

A blend of religions

Hinduism developed over 3,500 years ago.

It became very complex and adopted many beliefs from other religions.

Hindus believe that since people are different, they need many different ways of approaching god.

A BLEND OF RELIGIONS

Hinduism is one of the world’s top three religions-behind Christianity and Islam.

It is a way of life for over 850 million people in India today. (161,905 Winston Academys)

With all of its followers, it is unlike other major relgions.

A BLEND OF RELIGIONS

Hinduism has no single founder, but Hindus have many great thinkers.

Hindus worship many gods and goddesses, but believe in one single spiritual power called brahman, which lives in everything.

Hindus believe that there is more than one path to the truth.

HINDU GODS AND GODDESSES The gods and goddesses of

Hinduism stand for different parts of brahman.

“God is one, but wise people know it by many names.”

The most important Hindu gods: Brahma-The Creator Vishnu-The Preserver Shiva, the Destroyer

HINDU GODS AND GODDESSES

Hindu gods take many different forms, called avatars.

An avatar is the representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form.

HINDU GODS AND GODDESSES

Brahma is believed to have been born from a golden egg.

Known as the Creator. He is not as widely

worshiped as Vishnu or Shiva.

HINDU GODS AND GODDESSES

Vishnu is a kindly god who is concerned with the welfare of human beings.

Vishnu visits earth from time to time in different forms.

He does this to guide humans or to protect them from disaster.

HINDU GODS AND GODDESSES

Unlike Vishnu, Shiva is not concerned with human matters.

He is very powerful. Shiva is responsible for

both the creative and destructive forces of the universe.

THE TEACHINGS OF HINDUISM

Even though there are many different forms of Hinduism and Hindus believe there are many paths to god, there are a few central beliefs that are contained in religious writings or sacred texts.

TEACHINGS OF HINDUISM-THE UPANISHADS

The Upanishads (oo Pan uh shadz)- a religious text for Hindus

Upanishad means “sitting near a teacher”

The Upanishads is in the form of a question by students and answers by teachers.

“Who created the world?” “Brahman is the creator, the

universal soul.

THE TEACHINGS OF HINDUISM-REINCARNATION Reincarnation-rebirth of the soul When a person dies, the soul is reborn in the body of another living

thing. Hindus believe that every living thing has a soul (All Dogs Go To

Heaven). The actions of a person in this life affect their fate in the next. Faithful followers of Hinduism will be reborn into a higher position. Those whose acts have been bad may be born into a lower caste, or

may even return as animals. If a person leads a perfect life, they may be freed from this cycle of

death and rebirth and become one with brahman.

A HINDU’S DUTIES To become one with brahman,

one must obey his or her dharma.

Dharma-the religious and moral duties of each person

i.e. It is a man’s duty to protect the women in his family.

Another important ideas of Hinduism is ahimsa-nonviolence.

People and living things are a part of brahman and therefore must be treated with respect.

THE PRACTICE OF HINDUISM

Hinduism believes that there is more than one path to the truth, so it allows its followers to worship in many different ways.

The Yogas Yoga exercises help free the soul

from the cares of the world. Physical activity Giving to the poor Learning the sacred texts Honoring a personal god

THE PRACTICE OF HINDUISM

Private Devotion Hindus worship in public by praying and

performing rituals in temples. They choose a personal god, build a home alter

to it, and offer it food, gifts and prayers. A Hindu’s devotion to the god brings the soul

closer to brahman.

MEET BABY LALI

LALI

Lali and she was born in North India with a condition called Craniofacial Duplication.

She has all the face features duplicated, except her ears. And just as it happened in the case of the girl with multiple legs, she is being treated as an Hindu goddess.

Her father says, that she is just like a normal child, that means that apparently she has no difficulties living her life, except for the stares of other people. She’s even capable to drink form the two mouths and control all the four eyes according to a hospital official.

She’s now receiving many visits a day of up to 100. People who visit her want to offer respect, receive blessings and offer money to help.

LALI

MEET LAKSHMI

A toddler in India was born with eight limbs and is believed by some to be the reincarnation of the multi-limbed Hindu god Vishnu.

LAKSHMI Polymelia is a birth defect involving

limbs, in which the affected individual has more than the usual number of limbs. In humans and most land-dwelling animals, this means having five or more limbs. The extra limb is most commonly shrunken and/or deformed.

The causes may be several. Sometimes an embryo starts as conjoined twins, but one twin degenerated completely except for one or more limbs, which end up attached to the other twin. Sometimes small extra legs between the normal legs are caused by the body axis forking.

LAKSHMI

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

1. (a-b), 2. (a-b), 3. (a-b)

SECTION 3 THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM

Section 3 Objectives: Learn about the

Buddha and his teaching.

Find out how Buddhism was received inside and outside India

THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM

A young Hindu prince once lived a life of luxury in his palace in India. He had never witnessed old age, sickness, or death. At age 30, the prince left the palace and saw three things that changed

his life: An old man A very sick man A dead body

This suffering and death troubled the man, and he decided to give up his wealth, family, and life of ease in order to find the cause of human suffering.

THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM

This young man’s name was Siddhartha Gautama (sih DAHR tuh GOW tuh muh).

He wandered for 7 years and finally found his answer to human suffering.

He fasted and meditated under a fig tree for 49 days and became “enlightened”.

His solution to human suffering developed the major world religion: Buddhism.

THE BUDDHA AND HIS TEACHINGS

Gautama originally tried to gain knowledge from Hindu priests, but later rejected that.

He decided to look inwardly so he began to meditate: to focus the mind inward in order to find spiritual awareness.

THE BUDDHA AND HIS TEACHINGS

For the next 45 years, Gautama traveled across India and shared his knowledge.

He attracted many followers who called him the Buddha (BOO duh), which means “Enlightened One”.

His teachings became known as Buddhism.

THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS

The four Noble Truths are: that pain is part of mankind's everyday life; that our cravings of all kinds are the cause of this pain; the way to avoid pain is to free oneself of these

cravings; and that this can be achieved by following the Eightfold

Path.

THE MIDDLE WAY

Buddhism teaches people to follow the Middle Way, or Eightfold Path.

By following this path, a person avoids a life of extreme pleasure or extreme unhappiness.

THE MIDDLE WAY, OR EIGHTFOLD PATH

1. Right Understanding: Having faith in the Buddhist view of the universe

2. Right Intention: Making a commitment to practice Buddhism

3. Right Speech: Avoiding lies and mean or abusive speech

4. Right Action: Not taking life, not stealing, and not hurting others

THE EIGHTFOLD PATH

5. Right Livelihood: Rejecting jobs and occupations that conflict with Buddhist ideals

6. Right Effort: Avoiding bat attitudes and developing good ones

7. Right Mindfulness: Being aware of one’s own body, feelings, and thoughts

8. Right Concentration: Thinking deeply to find answer to problems

RELEASE FROM REINCARNATION

To find this Middle Way, the Buddha taught that people must act unselfishly toward others and treat people fairly.

They must tell the truth at all times. They should avoid violence and the killing of any living

thing. If people follow the Buddha’s path, their suffering will end. They will eventually find nirvana, or lasting peace. By reaching nirvana, people will be released from the cycle

of reincarnation.

FOLLOWERS OF BUDDHISM

Buddhism also taught: All people are equal Any one of any background from anywhere could follow the path

to nirvana Social class in the caste system did not matter.

Buddhism has priests. Anyone could be a priest and study to be a monk regardless of

social class Encouraged followers to establish monasteries Urged monks to become missionaries

BUDDHISM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF INDIA

After the Buddha’s death, his teachings spread throughout India, but did not stick for long.

Hinduism gradually regained favor among those in power.

Over time, Buddhism almost died out completely in India, but for a time, Buddhism and Hinduism existed side by side.

SLEEPING BUDDHA

THE BUDDHA

HINDUS AND BUDDHISTS: SHARED BELIEFS

Both believe it is wrong to harm other living creatures

Both value nonviolence

Both believe in dharma and the cycle of reincarnation

BUDDHISM SPREADS TO OTHER COUNTRIES

Buddhism first took root in China.

From China, Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan.

Today, Buddhism is still a huge part of cultures of countries such as Japan, the Koreas, China, Tibet, and Vietnam.

REVIEW AND RECAP

http://movies.netflix.com/WiPlayer?movieid=70159632&trkid=4213507

CHINA’S FIRST EMPEROR

According to these legends, Fu Xi lived in the 2800s BC. Part god and part man, he found the people of China living as barbarians and worked to bring civilization to the land.

4 CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY

The first Chinese civilizations grew in river valleys created by the Chang Kiang river, also known as the Yangzi, and the Huang he, or Yellow River. Annual floods left behind rich soil in both valleys. The Huang He valley also benefited from loess, a find dusty soil carried into china by desert winds.

CHINA’S GEOGRAPHY

Mountains, hills, and desert protected early Chinese civilizations from invaders. Historians believe Chinese civilization began in the Huang He valley, where people started growing crops about 9,000 years ago. According to legend, this civilization was ruled by the Xia (SHYAH) dynasty.

Summarize What geographic features influenced life in early China?

THE SHANG DYNASTY

Because no evidence of the Xia dynasty has been found, most historians date Chinese civilization to the beginning of the Shang dynasty around 1766 BC. Shang Kings ruled from their capital of Anyang where they were surrounded by a court, or gathering of wealthy nobles. Shang rulers appointed governors to keep order in distant parts of the kingdom. The king’s army fought invaders and prevented rebellions.

THE SHANG DYNASTY

Most people in Shang China were farmers. Sometimes, they had to serve in the army or build tombs, palaces, or walls. The wealthy had time for leisure, such as hunting for sport. Much of what historians know about the Shang comes from studying royal tombs.

Analyze What evidence can you see in this illustration that the people of Shang China honored and respected their rulers?

THE SHANG DYNASTY

Most of these tombs contained valuable items made of bronze and jade, as well as sacrificed prisoners of war. From this evidence, historians have concluded that the Shang believed in the afterlife in which a ruler would still need his riches and servants.

THE SHANG DYNASTY

Shang religion centered on ancestor worship. The Shang offered gifts to keep their ancestors happy in the afterlife. Oracle bones made of inscribed bits of animal bone or turtle shell were used to seek advice from dead ancestors. The earliest Chinese writings are questions written on oracle bones. Picture symbols were used to represent objects or ideas.

THE SHANG DYNASTY

The Shang became skilled at making items out of bronze and they learned to build huge structures, such as tombs. In addition, Shang astronomers created a precise calendar based on the cycles of the moon.

THE ZHOU DYNASTY

The Shang ruled until about 1100 BC, when an army of the Zhou invaded. The Zhou convinced the Chinese people to accept them as rulers by saying that they ruled by the Mandate of Heaven.

The Zhou learned to make objects from iron, which could be cast more cheaply than bronze, and produced stronger weapons.

THE ZHOU DYNASTY

New farming techniques created a surplus of food. Cities grew, canals and roads were built, and transportation improved. The Zhou introduced coins and pioneered the use of chopsticks.

Conflict in the later years of Zhou rule weakened the kingdom. Rebellions waged from 403 BC to 221 BC, called the Warring States Period. Eventually, the Qin dynasty arose, ending both the Warring States Period and the Zhou dynasty.

NEW PHILOSOPHIES

Among the many new philosophies developed during the late Zhou period were Confucianism and Daoism. Confucianism is based on the teachings of Kongfuzi, also known as Confucius. It stresses treating others humanely and with respect, practicing traditional rituals, and honoring one’s ancestors.

Place Which dynasty ruled earlier, the Shang or the Zhou?

NEW PHILOSOPHIES

His teachings on how to improve society were collected in a book called the Analects and had a lasting impact on China. Confucius taught that a ruler should be advised by qualified people, so China’s emperors selected their advisors based on merit.

NEW PHILOSOPHIES

Daoists believe in the dao, or the way, a limitless force that connects all things in nature. Daoism teaches that finding one’s place in nature leads to harmony. Daoists embrace the Chinese concept of yin and yang, the balancing aspects of nature. Among the first people to write about Daoist teachings was Laozi, who wrote the Dao De Jing.