Chapter 39Chapter 39

Gerunds and GerundivesGerunds and Gerundives

The GerundThe Gerund

The Gerund is a verbal noun which The Gerund is a verbal noun which generally can be compared with the generally can be compared with the English English –ing –ing form. eg. running, jumpingform. eg. running, jumping

It takes direct objects in the same case It takes direct objects in the same case that the transitive verb does.that the transitive verb does.

It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense.It is ALWAYS in used in an ACTIVE sense. It is always in the singular neuter.It is always in the singular neuter. It is never in the nominative case.It is never in the nominative case. It only takes the accusative with the It only takes the accusative with the

preposition preposition adad..

The GerundThe Gerund

When the gerund occurs in the When the gerund occurs in the accusative case with the preposition accusative case with the preposition adad, it denotes PURPOSE., it denotes PURPOSE.

adgredior ad probandumadgredior ad probandum

I’m going out in order to prove it.I’m going out in order to prove it.

The Gerund - ExamplesThe Gerund - Examples

““I like to read books.”I like to read books.”

legere librōs mihi placet legere librōs mihi placet

““I learn by I learn by readingreading books.” books.”

legendō librōs discōlegendō librōs discō

The Gerund - ExamplesThe Gerund - Examples

““I give orders to my soldiers.”I give orders to my soldiers.”

imperō meīs mīlitibusimperō meīs mīlitibus

““I know the art of giving orders to I know the art of giving orders to soldiers.”soldiers.”

nōvī artem imperandī mīlitibusnōvī artem imperandī mīlitibus

The Gerund - OverviewThe Gerund - Overview

Nominative – infinitive of the verb Nominative – infinitive of the verb Genitive – of reading, of lovingGenitive – of reading, of loving Dative – (rare) for hiding, to Dative – (rare) for hiding, to

searchingsearching Accusative – with ad denoting Accusative – with ad denoting

PURPOSEPURPOSE Ablative – by reading, in lovingAblative – by reading, in loving

The GerundiveThe Gerundive

The gerundive will seem more complicated at The gerundive will seem more complicated at first, however it is actually easier to first, however it is actually easier to recognize and read.recognize and read.

You must remember that the gerundive You must remember that the gerundive works on works on cross-mojo-nationcross-mojo-nation. .

The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of The gerund has the same PURPOSE use of the accusative case.the accusative case.

You have already seen the gerundive used to You have already seen the gerundive used to express necessity in the passive periphrastic.express necessity in the passive periphrastic.

Gerundive – Passive Gerundive – Passive PeriphrasticPeriphrastic

ūna nōx perpetua dormīenda nōbīs ūna nōx perpetua dormīenda nōbīs omnibusomnibus

One eternal night must be slept by all of One eternal night must be slept by all of us.us.

We must all sleep one eternal night.We must all sleep one eternal night.

Notice that the gerundive agrees in case, Notice that the gerundive agrees in case, number, and gender with its object.number, and gender with its object.

The GerundiveThe Gerundive

The case of the gerundive comes The case of the gerundive comes from its use in the clause.from its use in the clause.

Both the gender and number of the Both the gender and number of the gerundive come from its object.gerundive come from its object.

CROSS-MOJO-NATIONCROSS-MOJO-NATION

Gerundive - ExamplesGerundive - Examples

hanc rem tibi ūtendam dōhanc rem tibi ūtendam dō

I give this to you to use.I give this to you to use.

ūtendam ūtendam gets its case from its use as gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender and the direct obect and its gender and number from number from rem, rem, the object of the the object of the

gerundive.gerundive.

Gerundive - ExamplesGerundive - Examples

Had it been….Had it been….

hās rēs tibi ūtendās dōhās rēs tibi ūtendās dō

I give these to you to use.I give these to you to use.

ūtendās ūtendās still gets its case from its use still gets its case from its use as the direct obect and its gender as the direct obect and its gender and number from and number from rēs, rēs, the object of the object of

the gerundive.the gerundive.

PracticePractice

nōs ipsōs adiuvāmus aliīs adiuvandīsnōs ipsōs adiuvāmus aliīs adiuvandīs We help ourselves by helping others.We help ourselves by helping others. ille librum scrīpsit dē bellō gerendōille librum scrīpsit dē bellō gerendō He wrote a book about waging war.He wrote a book about waging war. sapientōrēs fīmus philsophiā discendāsapientōrēs fīmus philsophiā discendā We become wise by learning philosophy.We become wise by learning philosophy. is multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in is multum tempus cōnsūmpsit in

cōgitandōcōgitandō He spent a lot of time in thinking.He spent a lot of time in thinking.