CHAPTER 37Latin America:

Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

World Civilization: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. Latin America After World War II II. Radical Options in the 1950s III. Societies in Search of Change

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. Latin America After World War II

A. Mexico and the PRIParty of the Institutionalized

Republiceconomic growth paramount

ZapatistasChiapas

NAFTA

2000 national electionPRI out

Translated definition of the acronym, PRI: Partido Revolucionario Institucional

What does NAFTA stand for?What countries are involved in it?What benefit does NAFTA bring?What detractions does NAFTA bring?

2000: Vincente Fox, PAN (National Action Party)2006: Filipe Calderon, PAN: victor by 0.58 % margin

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

Venezuela, Costa Rica

reforms

open elections

Marxist options

Bolivia

mix of radicalism and reaction

A. Guatemala: Reform and U.S. Intervention

Economic disparities

High mortality rate

Coffee, banana export

Labor coalition

Juan José Arevalo elected, 1944

begins land reform

Foreign interests

e.g. United Fruit Company

1951 elections

Jacobo Arbenz elected

more radical land reform

U.S. steps in

overthrown with CIA help

Reform ends

Why so appealing?

Banana republic is a country that is politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture (e.g. bananas), and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and corrupt clique.

The term banana republic is a pejorative term first used by American author O. Henry in his 1904 book of linked short stories, Cabbages and Kings. The book is based on Henry's 1896-97 stay in Honduras, while hiding from federal authorities for embezzlement in the United States.

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

B. The Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the Caribbean

American influence following Spanish rule

Sugar export

Fulgencio Batista, 1934-1944military reformer

1940, new constitution

Fidel Castro1953, attempted revolution

Che Guevarahelps Castro, 1956student, labor support1958, Batista out

1961, breaks relations with Cuba1962, threat of nuclear warContinuing Soviet aid

Explain how that works???

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

C. The Search for Reform and the Military Option

ContinuityMexico, one-party system

Venezuela, ChileChristian Democratic

Liberation Theology

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

D. Out of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power

Military intervenes in politics, 1960s often U.S.-backed

Brazilmilitary takes over, 1964

Argentinamilitary coup, 1966

ChileSalvador Allende, socialist

overthrown by military, 1973

Uruguay, 1973

Peru, 1968

Conditionsworkers hard-hitcontinuing structural problemsrepression, torture

But wait… I thought that socialism was to benefit the proletariat???

Remember Orwell, all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

E. The New Democratic Trends

Cold war pressures eased in mid-80s

Argentinaelections, 1983

Brazilpresidential elections, 1989

PeruSendero Luminoso (Shining Path),

1990sleftist guerillas

El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemalatruces between governments,

rebels

PanamaU.S. invades

A sense of what’s to comeForeshadowing

Gen. Manuel Noriega, dictator

US Justification: Safeguarding the lives of U.S. citizens Defending democracy and human rights Combating drug trafficking Protecting the integrity of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties

What does this do to the political climate?

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

II. Radical Options in the 1950s

F. The United States and Latin America: Continuing Presence

American investors

Interventionpre-1933, 30 times

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933Franklin D. Roosevelt

Cold Warnew involvementmore indirect involvementJFK: Alliance for Progress,

1961

Jimmy Cartercivil liberties

Ronald Reagan, George Bushmore direct intervention

U.S. Military Interventions, 1898-2000

Chapter 37: Latin America: Revolution and Reaction into the 21st Century

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

III. Societies in Search of Change

A. Slow Change in Women's RolesVoteEcuador, 1929some only in 1950sSignificant progress by mid-

80s !!!

B. The Movement of PeopleMortality down, fertility upUrban growthMexico City, São Paolo, 199918 millionshantytowns

III. Societies in Search of Change

C. Cultural Reflections of Despair and Hope

Popular culture

strong blend

Jorge Luis Borges

Gabriel García Marquez