chapter 35 notes plant structure and growth. concept 35.1 plants are made up of two main systems:...
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Chapter 35 Notes
Plant Structure and Growth
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Concept 35.1
Plants are made up of two main systems: the root system and shoot system
Plants have three basic organs- roots- stems- leaves
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Concept 35.1
Root system- anchor plants in the soil- absorb minerals and water- store food
Monocots have fibrous roots: mat of thin roots that spread out below the soil surface
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Concept 35.1
Dicots have a taproot: one large vertical root that produces lateral branch roots
Root hairs: increase surface area and help absorption of water/minerals
Adventitious roots: roots that are above ground; extend from stem
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Concept 35.1
Shoot systemStem
- an alternating system of nodes (place where leaves are attached) and internodes (the stem between the nodes)- auxiliary bud: structure that forms a branch
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Concept 35.1
- terminal bud: place of growth of a young shoot- apical dominance: growth focuses on the terminal bud; inhibits the axillary bud
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.1
Leaves- main photosynthetic organ of plants- consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (stalk that join to the node of the stem)- monocots have parallel veins in leaves- dicot leaves have a multibranched network of veins
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.1
Plant organs are composed of three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground
Dermal tissue- single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plants- for the cuticle
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Concept 35.1
Vascular tissue- involved in the transport of materials between the root and the shoot- xylem: moves water and dissolved minerals upward from roots
- tracheids and vessel elements are elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.1
- phloem: moves food made by leaves to the roots
- sieve-tube members transport sucrose and other organic materials
- sieve plates help move fluid from cell to cell
- companion cell: assist the STM
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.1
Ground tissue- tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular- in dicots, divided into the pith (internal to the vascular tissue) and the cortex (external to vascular tissue)- photosynthesis, storage, and support
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.1
Plant tissues are composed of three basic cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
Parenchyma cells- have 1o cell walls, but lack 2o
- typical plant cell; least specialized- perform most metabolic functions of the plant
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Concept 35.1
Collenchyma cells- thicker 1o cell walls - support young parts of the plant shoot- provide support without restraining growth
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Concept 35.1
Sclerenchyma cells- support; form thick 2o cells that are strengthened by lignin- occur in areas of plants that have stopped growing- dead at functional maturity- ex. xylem cells
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Concept 35.1
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Concept 35.2
Most plants grow as long as the plant lives (indeterminate growth)
Annuals: complete their life cycle in one year
Biennial: life of the plant spans two years
Perennials: live many years
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Concept 35.2
A plant is capable of indeterminate growth because it always has embryonic tissue called meristems- cells that divide to produce additional cells
Plant growth depends on the location of the meristems
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Concept 35.2
Apical meristems: located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots
Primary growth: enables roots to grow through soil and shoots to increase their exposure to sunlight
Secondary growth: thickening of the roots and shoots- formed by lateral meristems
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Concept 35.2
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Concept 35.3
Primary growth of rootsThe root tip is covered by a root
capThe zone of cell division include
the apical meristem and the 3 primary meristems (protoderm, procambrium, and ground meristem)- produce the three 1o tissue systems
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Concept 35.3
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Concept 35.3
Primary growth of shootsThe apical meristem of the shoot tip
gives rise to the 3 primary meristems that turn into the different tissue systems
Vascular tissue runs through the stem in strands called vascular bundles- surrounded by ground tissue
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Concept 35.3
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Concept 35.3
In dicots, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, with the pith inside the ring, the cortex is outside
In monocots, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
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Concept 35.3
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Concept 35.3
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Concept 35.3
Tissue organization of leavesThe epidermis is composed of tightly
interlocked cells- stomata: tiny pores that allow for gas exchange w/ the help of guard cells
The ground tissue is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis in the mesophyll
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Concept 35.3
- the mesophyll consists of parenchyma cells w/ chloroplasts
The vascular tissue also flows through the leaf from the stem- contains the xylem and phloem
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Concept 35.3