Chapter 35Chapter 35

America in World War IIAmerica in World War II

1941-19451941-1945

Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

• Pearl Harbor= instant unity, no real worries Pearl Harbor= instant unity, no real worries about immigrants’ loyaltiesabout immigrants’ loyalties

• Except the Japanese!Except the Japanese!• Issesi and NiseiIssesi and Nisei racism, fear, greed racism, fear, greed• Executive Order 9066= “evacuation from Executive Order 9066= “evacuation from

west coast”west coast”• Korematsu vs. US 1944Korematsu vs. US 1944• 1988= apology and reparations for damage1988= apology and reparations for damage

Campaign Against the Japanese, Campaign Against the Japanese, Hollywood, California, 1923Hollywood, California, 1923

Anti-Japanese Poster, World War IIAnti-Japanese Poster, World War IIGovernment propaganda during the war exploited racial stereotypes, often depicting Japanese people with big teeth and poor vision.

Japanese American Evacuees, Japanese American Evacuees, 19421942After the U.S. Army’s Western Defense Command ordered the forced evacuation of all Japanese and Japanese Americans living on the Pacific Coast, families had no choice but to pack up whatever they could carry and move to the “relocation centers” hastily erected farther inland.

Three Boys at Manzanar, by Toyo Miyatake (1895–1979)Three Boys at Manzanar, by Toyo Miyatake (1895–1979)Miyatake was an acclaimed Japanese American photographer with his own studio in Los Angeles before he and his family were evacuated to the Manzanar internment camp. He was determined to pursue his craft there, at first working secretly and then with the knowledge of the authorities. His pictures are the only photographic records of daily camp life taken by an internee. The guards allowed him to step outside the barbed-wire fence to take this photograph.

MobilizationMobilization• Military strategy= focus on Hitler first, use Military strategy= focus on Hitler first, use

other Allies after to knock Japan outother Allies after to knock Japan out• Needed time and production to assist in Needed time and production to assist in

war effortwar effort massive costs massive costs• War Productions BoardWar Productions Board

• Liberty Ships built by Henry J. KaiserLiberty Ships built by Henry J. Kaiser• Increased farm production neededIncreased farm production needed• Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration• War Labor BoardWar Labor Board

• Smith Connally Anti-strike Act June 1943Smith Connally Anti-strike Act June 1943

More than 6 million women—more than 3 million of them homemakers who had never before worked for wages—entered the work force during World War II. In contrast to the experience of women workers in World War I, many of these newly employed women continued as wage workers after the war ended.

Migration and Racial IssuesMigration and Racial Issues

• Braceros ProgramBraceros Program• $6 million in contracts to Sunbelt$6 million in contracts to Sunbelt• 1.6 million blacks left South= racial 1.6 million blacks left South= racial

tension (mechanized cotton picker)tension (mechanized cotton picker)• A Philip RandolphA Philip Randolph Fair Employment Fair Employment

Practices CommissionPractices Commission• Native American migration to citiesNative American migration to cities• 1943 Zoot Suit Riot1943 Zoot Suit Riot• 1943 Detroit Race Riot1943 Detroit Race Riot

Few events in American history have moved the American people about so massively as World War II. The West and the South boomed, and several warindustry cities grew explosively. A majority of migrants from the South were blacks; 1.6 million African Americans left the region in the 1940s.

Navajo Code Talkers, 1943Navajo Code Talkers, 1943 One of the best-kept secrets of World War II was the use of the Navajo language

in a Marine Corps code designed to confuse the Japanese. Two marines in the leatherneck unit made up of Native Americans from Arizona and New Mexico transmitted in code during the battle for Bougainville Island in the South Pacific in 1943.

Growing EconomyGrowing Economy

• By end of war, GNP doubled= By end of war, GNP doubled= consumer spending!consumer spending!

• Welfare state as a result of the warWelfare state as a result of the war• War=National debtWar=National debt

Pacific Theater of WarPacific Theater of War• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Guam, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Guam,

Wake Island, Philippines, Hong Kong, Wake Island, Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya (rubber and tin)Malaya (rubber and tin)

• Burma RoadBurma Road Chiang Kai Shek Chiang Kai Shek• General Douglas MacArthur in General Douglas MacArthur in

PhilippinesPhilippines retreat to Bataan and retreat to Bataan and CorregidorCorregidor

• MacArthur ordered to Australia early MacArthur ordered to Australia early 19421942 “I shall return” “I shall return”

Corregidor and BataanCorregidor and Bataan

Assaulting Japanese island fortresses in the Pacific was a bloody, costly business. These American soldiers perished as they stepped ashore at Buna beach in New Guinea in 1942. Their damaged landing craft wallows in the surf behind them. Appearing in Life magazine on September 20, 1943, nearly two years after Pearl Harbor, this was the first photograph of dead GIs that the War Department allowed to be published.

Pacific Theater of WarPacific Theater of War

• US/Filipino forces (75,000) forced to US/Filipino forces (75,000) forced to surrender April 10, 1942 (Corregidor= surrender April 10, 1942 (Corregidor= May 6)May 6)

• Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March• Japan moving toward AustraliaJapan moving toward Australia Battle Battle

of Coral Sea May 1942of Coral Sea May 1942• Battle of Midway June 1942 (Admiral Battle of Midway June 1942 (Admiral

Chester Nimitz)Chester Nimitz)

Pacific Theater of WarPacific Theater of War

• Island hopping= US strategyIsland hopping= US strategy• August 1942 GuadalcanalAugust 1942 Guadalcanal• Pushed out of New Guinea by August Pushed out of New Guinea by August

19441944• June 1944: Marianas and Battle of June 1944: Marianas and Battle of

Philippine SeaPhilippine Sea

European Theater of WarEuropean Theater of War

• Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the AtlanticGerman Enigma German Enigma Code Code

• In North Africa Field Marshall Erwin In North Africa Field Marshall Erwin Rommel pushed toward Suez CanalRommel pushed toward Suez Canal

• Blocked by General Bernard Blocked by General Bernard Montgomery at Battle of El AlameinMontgomery at Battle of El Alamein

• Nazis moved toward StalingradNazis moved toward Stalingrad hold hold at any cost!at any cost!

Soft UnderbellySoft Underbelly

• USSR needed a 2USSR needed a 2ndnd front front France? France?• Churchill wanted northern Africa and ItalyChurchill wanted northern Africa and Italy• Operation Torch November 1942 headed Operation Torch November 1942 headed

by General Dwight D. Eisenhowerby General Dwight D. Eisenhower• Casablanca ConferenceCasablanca Conference• Attacked Sicily and Italy August 1943- Attacked Sicily and Italy August 1943-

Mussolini deposedMussolini deposed• Germany invaded- Battles of Monte Germany invaded- Battles of Monte

Cassino and Anzio to reach RomeCassino and Anzio to reach Rome

Operation OverlordOperation Overlord

• Teheran Conference- decided on Teheran Conference- decided on invasion through Franceinvasion through France

• D Day: June 6, 1944= 1D Day: June 6, 1944= 1stst day with day with amphibious landing in Normandyamphibious landing in Normandy

• Combined with French from south= Combined with French from south= Paris liberated by August 1944Paris liberated by August 1944

Allies Landing in Normandy, June Allies Landing in Normandy, June 6, 19446, 1944

Liberating FranceLiberating FranceA GI from Des Moines, Iowa, receives a kiss of welcome from an elderly French couple after American troops liberated their town of St. Sauveur in August 1944.

End of War in EuropeEnd of War in Europe

• Starting December 1944: bombing raids Starting December 1944: bombing raids on Germanyon Germany pushing them back pushing them back

• Battle of the Bulge: last Nazi offensiveBattle of the Bulge: last Nazi offensive• March 1945: Us troops at the Rhine March 1945: Us troops at the Rhine

RiverRiver met Russians near Berlin met Russians near Berlin• May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered, May 7, 1945: Germany surrendered,

May 8May 8thth= VE Day= VE Day

World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1939–1945

Battle of the Bulge, December 1944–January 1945

End of War in PacificEnd of War in Pacific

• Japanese pushed out of New Guinea, Japanese pushed out of New Guinea, MacArthur moved on PhilippinesMacArthur moved on Philippines

• Return to Leyte islandReturn to Leyte island Battle of Leyte Battle of Leyte Gulf October 1944- decimated Gulf October 1944- decimated Japanese navyJapanese navy• Moved onto Luzon to liberate Manila (July Moved onto Luzon to liberate Manila (July

1945)1945)• Battle of Iwo Jima March 1945Battle of Iwo Jima March 1945• Battle of Okinawa April-June 1945Battle of Okinawa April-June 1945

The Flag Raising at Iwo JimaThe Flag Raising at Iwo JimaAtop Mount Suribachi, press photographer Joe Rosenthal snapped this dramatic picture, probably the most famous of the war.

Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs• Invasion of Japan set for NovemberInvasion of Japan set for November• Potsdam Conference- unconditional Potsdam Conference- unconditional

surrender called forsurrender called for• Manhattan Project completed ($2 billion)Manhattan Project completed ($2 billion)• August 6, 1945: Hiroshima bombed August 6, 1945: Hiroshima bombed

(180,000 dead, wounded, dying)(180,000 dead, wounded, dying)• August 9, 1945: Nagasaki bombedAugust 9, 1945: Nagasaki bombed• August 14, 1945= surrender, September August 14, 1945= surrender, September

2, 1945= VJ Day2, 1945= VJ Day

Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945Two stunned survivors walk through the unbelievable destruction. The single atomic blast at Hiroshima killed an estimated 130,000 Japanese.