Chapter 31 – Section 1

Southeast Asia

History• Influenced by Chinese and Indian culture.

• China ruled northern Vietnam from 111 BC to 939 AD; art, technology, politics and ethnical beliefs shaped their culture.

• Hinduism and Buddhism spread into the region influencing religion and art.

Southeast Asia

• Mandalas were states organized as rings of power around a central court; sometimes their regions overlapped forcing rulers to form alliances for the state to survive.

• Khmer Empire was a powerful mandala from the 9th to 15th centuries in Cambodia.

Maṇḍala (मण्डल) is a Sanskrit word that means "circle".

• 1300-1800 – Five powerful states existed where Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java and the Malay Peninsula are now.

• Similar to mandalas, but were larger and more complex.

• National identities and urbanization began to develop.

Colonialism• 1509 – Europeans began to arrive seeking wealth; Spanish took

control of the Philippines.

• Took control of SE Asian trade; wealth flowed to Europe.

• 20th Century – Europeans controlled most of the region.– Setup centralized governments; forced locals to produce goods for Europe;

unintentionally sparked nationalism amongst SE Asians.

– Gained western education and groups united against Europeans.

Independence• Japan occupied SE Asia during WWII; put SE Asians in leadership roles.

• Some became independent peacefully, others had to fight. – Indonesia fought the Dutch from 1945-1949.

• Indochina was a French colony made up of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam; suffered a lot of turmoil.

• 1954 – Vietnamese defeated the French winning independence for Indochina.

• The US became involved in South Vietnam to prevent its taken over by Communist North Vietnam.

• 1957-1975 – Vietnam War resulted from this conflict.

• 1973 – US withdrew and in 1975 South Vietnam surrendered; the country united ruled by Communists; took control of Laos and Cambodia.

Economy• Vietnam war destroyed factories and roads; thousands fled reducing

the workforce.

• Traditional economies based on agriculture; industry and manufacturing have been growing; tourism.

• ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Nations is an alliance that promotes economic growth and peace in the region.

Culture• Absorbed many influences, but used them to create a unique culture.

• Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam are the main religions; Philippines is mostly Catholic due to Spanish colonialism.

• Angkor Wat is a famous ancient temple located in Cambodia.

• Thailand & Indonesia have traditional dances; Poetry is popular in Vietnam. “Kim van Kieu” is a famous 3,000+ line poem about love.

Nature is reclaiming the temple.

Changing Lifestyles• Villages: wooden houses on stilts with thatched roofs; Buddhist

temple is center of social life.

• Cities: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Singapore are bustling, modern cities; most people live in apartments; housing shortage causing people to live in slums.

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Chapter 31 – Section 2

Oceania

History• Prehistoric people arrived on the islands using land bridges and

canoes. Had little contact with the outside world; developed their own ways of life.

• Micronesia – “tiny islands”

• Melanesia – “black islands”

• Polynesia – “many islands”

Nations of Oceania• Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of

Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu & Vanuatu

Contact with the West• 1500s – Europeans explore the Pacific; British captain James Cook

was the 1st European to visit most of the islands.

• 1800s – Missionaries arrived trying to convert the islanders to Christianity; traders came for goods; settlers started plantations.

• Islander life declined; many died from diseases; western ways replaced traditions and the US & Europe turned islands into territories and possessions.

Crash Course World HistoryThe Amazing Life and Strange Death of Captain Cook

Recent History• 20th Century – during WWII the Allies and Japanese fought fierce

battles in the Pacific to gain control of the region.

• Some islands were used as test sites for nuclear bombs.

Economy• Most people work not for wages but at subsistence activities: family

produces only the food, clothing and shelter they need themselves.

• Despite poor soil, agriculture is the main economic activity; chief crops are bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee and copra: dried meat of coconuts. Fishing, mining, manufacturing & tourism.

Culture• Very diverse linguistic region; over 1,100 languages spoken.

• Christianity is widespread due to missionaries; native religions are still practiced by some.

• Traditional dances with elaborate costumes; arts and crafts made from palm trees.

Cook Islands Dancing

Island Life• Most people in Polynesia live in villages often led by a chief with

economies centered around fishing or farming.

• Taro is a major crop; a plant with a starchy root.

• Most Micronesians live in extended family groups.

• In Melanesia, many live in villages or were hunter-gatherers.

Recent Change• Modern communication systems have unified the islands.

• Oceania has few cities; but there has been rapid urbanization.

• Problems: shantytowns and poor sanitation; loss of traditional life.

Chapter 31 – Section 3

Australia, New Zealand & Antarctica

History• 1788 – Great Britain founded Sydney, Australia as a penal colony, a

place to send prisoners. Ended ship arrived in 1868. – About 20% of Australians are descended from the transported convicts.

• The Aboriginal people migrated to Australia from Asia about 40,000 years ago.

• The Maori settled New Zealand after migrating from Polynesia more than 1,000 years ago.

Did you know that blonde hair is not native to Europeans?

Europeans Arrive• 1769/1770 – Captain James Cook explores Australia & NZ.

• 1820 – Antarctica was first discovered (Russian, British, American).

• 1788 – Britain begins to colonize Australia; called New South Wales until 1820. Violent conflicts with the Aboriginal people.

• NZ was colonized by hunters & whalers from Europe, America and Australia.

• 1840 – The British and several Maori tribes signed the Treaty of Waitangi, giving Britain control over NZ, however, the translations of the document differed for each side. – English version: Britain has full control of NZ.

– Maori version: Britain has governorship over NZ.

• 1845-1987 - Disagreement over the terms caused the Land War; tens of thousands of Maori died from diseases.

• 1851 – Gold is discovered in Australia & NZ; hundreds of thousands flock here; few make it rich; most stayed.

Modern Nations• 1901 – Australian colonies united and became 1 unified country.

• 1907 – New Zealand becomes self governing; both countries are part of the British Commonwealth; free association of Great Britain with its former colonies.

• 1893 – New Zealand is the 1st country to grant women voting rights.

Opening the first Commonwealth Parliament of Australia, Melbourne, 9 May 1901

Issues• Native people have less education and higher rates of poverty; to

improve their lives some want to return to their former lands.

• 1959 – 12 Countries made a treaty preserving Antarctica for research; 7 countries claim territory here; not recognized by many.

Economy• Agriculture; farm products are major exports; butter, meat, cheese, wool,

fruits and vegetables; sheep ranching.

• Mining earns Australia a lot of money; deposits are located far from cities making it difficult.

• Australia does not have a lot of manufacturing; 65% of jobs are in the service industry; want to diversify. NZ is #1 kiwi producer.

Sheep farmer found this snake on his property.

Cultures • Australia: Most people are of British decent; changing due to

immigration; 20% foreign born; 1% Aboriginal descent.

• Drive on the left; Christianity is the major religion.

• Aboriginal people have an ancient tradition of painting humans and animal figures.

• New Zealand: Most people are of British descent; called pakehas(term for white people) by the Maori.

• 15% of people are descended from the Maori; culture is a blend of the two; both English & Maori languages are official languages.

• Christianity is the major religion; some combine with Maori traditions.

Wedding Haka

A haka - with its shouting, body-slapping and exaggerated facial expressions - is used in traditional Maori culture as a war cry to intimidate the enemy, but also to welcome special guests and at celebrations. Ms. Armstrong said the haka was a sign of respect

from her husband's best man and family. Women do not normally perform the haka in Maori culture but she said they can do at weddings.

Modern Life• Australia and New Zealand are very urbanized; 85% live in cities; 70%

own their own homes. – More traffic jams and pollution in Australia due to larger population and more

industry.

• Climates allow of many outdoor activities; Australian rules football.

Australian

Football

League

Melbourne, Australia

Australian Beach