chapter 31 advances in molecular genetics. what is a genome? genome: is all of an organism’s...
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Chapter 31Advances in Molecular Genetics
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What is a genome?• Genome: is all of an organism’s genetic
information.
Genomic map of E. coli bacteria
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The Genome Project (HGP)• An international
organization called the Human Genome Organization was formed to coordinate human genome research around the world.
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How has the HGP affected pharmaceutical companies?
• Drug companies are trying to apply their knowledge acquired from the HGP to develop better treatments for genetic diseases.
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Other genomes under study:
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Functional Genomics• It is the study of DNA sequence information to
help explain cell functions.
• It is an important tool because the DNA sequences predict the structures and functions of the proteins they encode.
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Technologies
• With current methods we are now able to manipulate individual’s genes.
• Using genetic engineering, biologist can prepare recombinant DNA – DNA whose segments are from different sources.
• Recombinant DNA, once inserted into host cells, can be replicated, or cloned, to provide multiple copies of the gene for study.
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What is cloning?
• Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two.
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2 types of Cloning:
1. Artificial embryo twinning2. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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What is a stem cell?
• A stem cell is a cell whose job is not yet determined, every single cell in the body “stems” from this type of cell.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)• It is a method of producing many copies of a
tiny sample of DNA.
• Example: Forensic scientists use PCR to test samples of blood left at a crime scene.
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Mutations and DNA Repair• Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that
have many causes, including exposure to certain chemicals and radiation.
• Most mutations probably result from failure of the DNA copying and repair mechanisms to work with 100% accuracy.
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Genetic Disorders and Gene Therapy• Gene therapy is the introduction of a gene into
a cell to correct a hereditary disorder.
• Some genetic disorders that that are treated by gene therapy include: some forms of diabetes, abnormally short people, Cystic Fibrosis, etc.
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Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues
• The advances led by the HGP have created a situation that challenges our current legal, ethical, and social views of genetics.
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Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (cont.)• Some people argue that it is unethical to identify
healthy people who carry alleles that may predispose them to disease in the future.
• These individuals may be targeted by employers, schools, or insurance companies for discrimination.
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Questions to ask yourself?
• Why would cloning be beneficial?• Why conduct stem cell research?