Chapter 30A Second Global Conflict and the End of the

EuropeanWorld Order

By:Tyler & Stacia

Causes for WWII: Japan

● Guomindang (Nationalist) Party gains power in China.○ Strikes fear in Japanese army officers

(exert power over Manchuria after Russo-Japanese War)

● Japan gradually militarized due to fears.

● Seized Manchuria in 1931 → Manchukuo

● International crisis → politicians unwilling to object to Japanese demands that could weaken negotiations.

Causes for WWII: Germany

● Germany’s growth was quick and radical.○ Treaty of Versailles (ended WWI)○ Hyperinflation, Weimar Era 1920s

● National Socialist party (Nazis) under Hitler continued to gain seats in the parliament. More promises → more power.

● Nazi agenda: Destroy Treaty of Versailles○ Rearmament (1935), Rhineland militarized (1936),

union with Austria and seizure of Czechoslovakia (1938), occupation of Czechoslovak Republic.

● Empowered Mussolini: Ethiopia bombings

● Hitler & Mussolini: Spanish Civil War ○ Franco refused to join them in WWII.

Warning: Zombies not affiliated with WWII or Hitler.

Invasion Begins● WWII: 9-1-1939 → German invasion of Poland.

● Clashes with Japan after seizure of Manchuria 1930-1945.

● Reluctance of Western democracies to halt Nazi regimes assisted the Germans.

○ H & M: Noticed Br, Fr and US were willing to sacrifice smaller states in order to appease Axis powers.

● Leaders like Winston Churchill were kept out of power. Anti-war public

● --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

● Manchukuo (Japan) attacked China in 1937.

○ Leaders and officers discouraged the assault but were silenced by assassination threats.

○ Total War: pillage, murder of civilians, rape

○ Lack of coordination and consultation

■ Tripartite Pact: 1940

● Hitler signs non-aggression pact with Soviet Union. → Divide Poland and other states.

Turning the Tides

● Reluctance to rearm by Western democracies and Soviet Union allowed for crushing victories by Axis Powers.

● Tide turns for Allies: ← Nazi preoccupation at Russian border, US involvement.

● Anglo-American & Soviet Alliance: more powerful → pop., potential industrial production, tech. innovations, military capacity.

Blitzkrieg in Europe

● Japan → China, debating over US invasion

● Germany → France, Low Countries. British retreated to Britain.

● “Blitzkrieg”: lightning war○ Overwhelmed Poland in 1939○ Defeated Fr and Br in France in a few days,

1940.

● Rotterdam destroyed due to Dutch resistance.○ 40,000 killed

● Vichy: Nazi puppet helped Germans control France

● A few months later, Norway and Denmark.

● Battle of Britain: Allied victory○ Strong leadership, innovative tactics, radar,

bravery, high morale.■ Germans had to abandon plans to control

Britain

Blitzkrieg in Europe (cont’d)

● Germans dominated Italian’s plans to control Albania, Yugoslavia, and Greece.

● Erwin Rommel: Offenses on N. Africa and Egypt○ Goal of seizing Suez Canal

● Drove Soviets out of Finland, Poland and Baltic States, some of Byelorussia and Ukraine

● German advances were halted in winter at Moscow and Leningrad

● 1943 Russian forces fight back against weakened Germans.○ All Nazis cleared out by late 1944.

From Persecution to Genocide:Hitler’s War Against the

Jews● Persecution (not just Jews)

● Wannsee Conference, Feb, 1942: Purpose of regime → genocide○ Removal → Destruction of Jews

● Concentration camps → “factories for mass production of death”○ Labor or Death

● Holocaust: 6 million Jews, 12 million total○ Worst genocide of 20th century.

● Italians and Danes resisted Nazi demands to send Jews.

● Worsened by Western reluctance to accept Jews. (Immigration)○ Allied responses led to Zionist movements to create a Jewish state in

Palestine.

America on the Offensive

● United States assisted to Britain ○ Clothing, weapons and food

● American forces counteract German U-boat attacks

● America helps Britain ○ Reverse German control in North Africa

● Mussolini, fascist leader of Italy○ Killed by civilians due to Nazi takeover

in Italy.

● Battle of the Bulge- Hitler's last effort to repel Allied forces

● Adolf Hitler commits suicide in a Berlin Bunker two weeks later

Decline of Japan in the Pacific

● Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

● Japan captured Hong Kong (British territory),Burma and Malaya○ overran Dutch East Indies and French

Indochina

● United States enter as a main counterpart to Japan

● Japan starts its decline due to lack of resources

● Battle of the Coral Sea

● Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

United Nation

● United Nations made between Allied forces○ added Soviet Union and China

● Provide a forum for negotiating international problems

● Includes the World Court of Justice○ concerned with problems of human

rights and famine○ programs directed toward specific

groups

Cold War

● Due to no clear peace negotiation after WWII

● Tehran Conference- Allies agree to invasion of Nazi- occupied France

● Yalta Conference-Split Germany into four zones○ France, United States, Soviet

Union, Britain

● Potsdam Conference-Determine who would gain which land after the war○ USSR, USA, UK

Nationalism and Decolonization

● Total War- smaller inner city wars due to WWII

● Atlantic Charter of 1941○ Sealed alliance between America

and Great Britain○ Stated the ideals and goals of the

war for Allied powers

● Caused Japanese government to push more aggressively against the United States and Britain○ Allowed people to choose which

form of government they wanted to live

Colonies in Southeast Asia

● WWII ended alliance b/w Indian National Congress and Britain○ Civil disobedience and the arrest of Nehru and Gandhi created

tension.

● Muslim League: Wanted partition of India into Muslim and Hindu areas.○ Sided with Britain

● 1947: India was divided into India and Pakistan○ Later: Sri Lanka and Burma (Myanmar)

● Retreat of Br from S. Asia created similar responses with the Dutch and French.○ Indonesia and Vietnam

Liberation of Nonsettler Africa

● Convention Peoples Party (CPP)- Against British legislature in the Gold Coast○ Mass rallies, boycotts, strikes

against the British○ Led by Kwame Nkrumah

● Nkrumah named prime minister of Ghana by the British○ Shows power transfer from Britain

to well educated Africans

● French began moving out of Africa, leaving economic and cultural ties

Guerrilla Warfare

● Kenya African Union (KAU)-Underground organization centered around radical leaders

● Land Freedom Army-used to fight and terrorize the British and African who were to be working with the British

● National Liberation Front (FLN)- Arab and Berber peoples to revolt against the French rule

● Secret Army Organization (OAS)-Attempt to prevent Algerian independence from France

● Algeria wins independence in 1962

White Supremacy in South Africa

● Afrikaner National Party-Devoted to win total independence from Britain

● Apartheid-system of racial segregation by the Afrikaners ○ Best jobs for whites and only

certain contact between racial groups

○ Black Africans could not vote○ Afrikaners make large police

to enforce these laws

● White Supremacy stays in control

Middle East

● Zionist- Those who feel Jewish people should have their own homeland

● Large Jewish immigration into Palestine

● Muslim revolt in Palestine

● Haganah-Zionist military force

● Partition of Palestine- Divided Palestine between Jewish and Arab states made by the UN

● War between Arab and Jewish state broke out over land

Global Connections

● Ended Western Imperialism throughout the world

● Well educated Africans took over the jobs of the Europeans

● Education now to teach more about Africa and Asia rather than just about Europe

● Many continue to communicate in English and French

● Europe still claims dominance of global economy○ African and Asian leaders had to promise to protect western

merchants and their interests