THE AGE OF REFORMATIONChapter 3

Pre-Reformation developments Challenges to the Medieval church

The Avignon Popes and the Great Schism Secular papacy and worldliness in church-simony and

nepotism Lay movements that protested clerical holders of

benefices and preached new theology Albigensians, Waldensians, Lollards, Hussites

Martin Luther-Address to the Christian Nobility of the German nation (1520)-summary of economic grievances

Indulgences

Remission of the temporal penalty imposed on penitents as a “work of satisfaction” for temporal sins

Priest would hear confession-absolve the penitent of guilt of sin, and then give them a “work of satisfaction”-prayer, fasting, etc

Person who did not do this would suffer in purgatory for a time

Pope Clement VI-RC church had a treasury of merit that could be dispensed by Pope-Sale of Letters of Indulgences

Indulgences cont

1517-Pope Leo X-declared a plenary Jubilee indulgence to rebuild St. Peter’s basilica

Practice had expanded to selling indulgences to permit sale of indulgences for oneself and for dead loved ones

1519-Johann Tetzl, priest, commissioned to go sell indulgences in the borders of Saxony

Martin Luther 1483-1546

Luther

Father miner, wanted him to be a lawyer

1505-Conversion experience-walking home in thunderstorm –lightning flashing

“St. Anne help me, I will become a monk”

Luther the priest and monk 1507-ordained priest 1510-Journeyed to Rome 1511-entered Augustinian monastery 1512-earned doctorate in theology

Spiritual crisis of Luther-”The righteousness of God,” and his own personal sinfulness”

Luther’s Tower experience

Studying theology at the U. of Wittenberg Studying book of Psalms and Romans “justification by faith alone”-Sola fide “the just shall live by faith” Humans not granted salvation by good

works or by religious ceremonies Humans granted salvation by faith in Christ

alone received from the grace(gift) of God Good works the fruit of salvation, not the

root of salvation

1517-Luther posts 95 Theses in Wittenberg

95 Theses

Condemnation of sale of indulgences Circulated by northern humanists by

printing press Election of Charles 1 of Spain as the

new Holy Roman emperor-elected by 7 Imperial electors

Frederick the Wise-one of the lectors and Luther’s protectors

The Leipzig debate with Professor John Eck Challenges the infallibility of the

Pope Justification by faith alone-sola fide Sovereign authority of the scripture

alone-”sola scriptura” against the Papal claims

1520-3 famous Pamphlets

The Address to the Christian nobility of the German Nation

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

The Freedom of the Christian

1520-Leo’s Papal bull-Exsurge Domine-ML a heretic

April 1521-Diet of Worms

Meeting of the HRE-headed by Emperor Charles V

Luther order to recant, refuses “Here I stand” speech Declared an outlaw to secular

authorities Protected by German princes and

elector Frederick at Wartburg castle

Here I Stand

Lutheranism

Doctrine of “sola fide” and “sola scriptura” Practice of 2 sacraments-Holy Baptism and

Holy Communion (Eucharist) Doctrine of real presence of Christ in

Eucharist-”in, with, and under the bread” Priesthood of all believers Clergy allowed to marry NT in German Against worship of saints, relics,

indulgences

Propaganda-16th century style

Pope and his friends as dogs, goats, pigs and demons

ML as 7 headed beast

Papal indulgence hawkers in the Jaws of hell

Luther as saint and as devils bagpipeSaint Sinner

Imperial distractions

Imperial Wars with France Advance of the ottoman Turks into

Eastern Europe

Charles V-King of Spain and HRE, needed German troops loyal to German princes

Magistrates and Princes of German cities adopt Lutheran reforms

The Peasants Revolt

The Peasant’s Revolt

Peasants saw Lutheranism as something that would support political and economic rights

Peasants revolt against landlords-1524-1525

Luther condemns them as “Un-Christian”

Thousands of peasants killed in suppression of revolt

Lutherans not revolutionary in social sense

The Swiss Reformation

Switzerland loose confederation of 13 autonomous cantons or states

Growth of Swiss nationalism opposing mercenary service

Desire for church reform

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Ulrich Zwingli

Friend and student of Erasmus Critic of Swiss mercenary service Opposed indulgences , doctrine of

purgatory, invocation of saints and religious superstitions not rooted in Scripture

Fathered child with barber’s daughter

Became people’s priest in Zurich

Zwingli

1522-Broke the Lenten fast Whatever lacked literal support in scripture

was condemned Raised questions about a host of practices in

RC church Marburg Colloquy-(1529) Meeting between

Zwingli and Luther-went badly Debate over meaning of

Eucharist-”spiritual” or “real” presence of Christ in Eucharist

Result-2 different Protestant confessions

Swiss Civil Wars

Cantons split-some Protestant and some catholic

2 major battles-one in 1529 and one in 1531

Zwingli wounded and then executed in 2nd battle

Treaty allowed each canton to determine its own religion

Zwingli’s followers eventually merged with Calvinism

The Murder of Zwingli

Anabaptism

16th Century ancestors of Mennonites and Amish

Rejected infant baptism and practiced believers baptism for converted adults

Preached a more radical interpretation of the faith-thought Luther and Zwingli only went half-way

Refused to swear oaths, participate in secular offices, and serve in military-pacifists

Anabaptist Reign in Munster Rebaptism becomes a capital offence 1534-1535-Anabapitis come to

power, try to create a new Zion-OT theocracy

Lutherans and Catholics forced to convert or leave-radical practices of polygamy

City besieged by Lutheran and Catholic armies

Anabaptist leaders burned at the stake and boned hanged in cages for all to see

Munster

Menno Simons (1496-1561)

Founder of the Mennonites Pacifist separatist Anabaptists

The Amish

Split within Swiss Anabaptists Followers of Jacob Ammann Related to but distinct with the

Mennonites 45000 live in Indiana

Amish in Indiana

The Amish

Practice separation-not connected to electrical grid, television, radio, computers

Ordnung-set of rules passed down from generation from generation

Rumspringen Practice of shunning Speak Pennsylvania Dutch and dialect of

Swiss German in Indiana communities https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=fWR7_PkyJ2M

Welcome to Elkhart, Indiana

Amish in Indiana

Amish humor

The Spiritualists

Disdain for external, institutional religion

Believed in the direct communion of the Holy Spirit in the hearts of believers

Caspar Schwenckfeld-Schwenckfeldian church

1734vCame to Pennsylvania

Jean (John) Calvin

John Calvin

Born to well to do French family Educated lawyer who embraced

reform in the church Institutes of the Christian Faith -

Definitive theological statement of the Protestant Faith

Calvinism-theology

The Sovereignty of God-God I supreme over all creation, knows all things and has all power

Total depravity-All have sinned all fall short of the glory of God

Unconditional Election-God predestined some to be saved and some to be damned-It is God’s choice

Limited Atonement—Jesus dies for the Elect Irresistible Grace-The elect cannot resist the grace

of God Perseverance of the Saints-once saved, always

saved

Doctrine of predestination Doctrine for mature Christians Doctrine of assurance God is in control of all things from

the beginning to the end The elect would have good works

and conform their will to the will of God if they were truly part of the elect

Geneva and Calvin’s church Late 1520’s-Geneva revolts against

prince-bishop 1536-Geneva votes to adopt

Reformation practices 1536-Calvin draws up articles of

governance and new catechism 1540-Geneva implements new

ecclesiastical ordinances

Geneva cont

1. Pastors 2. Teachers and doctors of the faith 3. Elders-12 laypeople who oversaw the faith

and life of the church to maintain discipline 4. Deacons to dispense good works

Goal: Create the city of God on earth-transform society both spiritually and morally

1555-Geneva home to thousands of exiled Calvinists

Consistory

12 elders and pastors that served as church court to inspect people’s lives and enforce discipline

Calvinism

Puritans-England Presbyterians-Scotland Hugenots-France

Doctrine of Predestination and the Elect

“4 walls and a sermon” Emphasis on Sabbath observance Importance of catechism

Westminster Catechism

WESTMINSTER LARGER CATECHISM Q. 1. What is the chief and highest

end of man?A. Man's chief and highest end is to glorify God,[a] and fully to enjoy him forever.[b]

Antitrinitarians

Commonsense, rational, and ethical religion

Religious toleration and freedom of conscience

Leader was Spaniard Michael Servetus-executed in Geneva by John Calvin for blasphemy

Strong opponents of Calvinism Forerunners of Unitarianism

Political Consolidation

1530-Diet of Augsburg-Charles V orders all Lutherans convert back to Catholicsm

1530-Lutherans adopt Augsburg Confession-statement of Lutheran belief

1531-Formation of the Schmalkaldic League-Lutheran defensive alliance

1540’s-Charles V sends Imperial armies to crush Protestants

The Map of European religions

Peace of Augsburg-1555

Made the division permanent “Curius regio, eius religio” The ruler

of the land would determine its religion

Recognized in fact what was already in practice

Did not extend religious recognition to Calvinism and Anabaptism

The King’s Great Matter

The English Reformation-Preconditions Lollardy-anti-catholic reform

movement in the mid-14th Century-followers of john Wycliffe

William Tyndale-translated NT into English 1524-25

Widespread humanism and anti-clerical sentiment

Henry VIII

Marriage to Catherine of Aragon Father to one daughter Mary-many

miscarriages and stillbirths, also lost some of her youthful beauty

God’s Punishment?? Catherine was the wife of Henry’s older brother Arthur

Forbidden by canon and biblical law Leviticus 18:16: “If a man shall take his

brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing, they shall be childless.”

Special dispensation from Pope Julius 2

1527-The Kings has an Affair Anne Boleyn-Catherine’s lady in

waiting Henry demands a papal annulment

so he can put away Catherine and marry Ann Boleyn

1527-Imperial soldiers capture Rome, Pope Clement a virtual prisoner of Charles V

Cardinal Wolsey

Powerful cardinal who was Henry’s Lord Chancellor was put in charge of securing the divorce-failure

Dismissed in disgrace in 1529

Thomas Cromwell

Lutheran sympathizer who became King’s chancellor

No way to papal annulment Declare Henry head of the English

church

The Reformation Parliament 1533-Henry weds Anne Bolelyn,

secretly pregnant 1533-Acts on Restraints of Appeals-

no appeals to the Pope, marriage made null and void

1534-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII the head of the Church of England , not the Pope

1534-Act of Succession-Anne Boleyn’s children only legitimate heir to the throne

The Marriage

Acts of Restraints of Appeals

Opposition

Sir Thomas More refuses to recognize Acts of Parliament

Executed by Henry VII 1536 and 1538-Parliament dissolves

England’s Monasteries and nunneries Henry seizes church lands and

property

The King’s Religious convictions Henry conservative on religious

matters On the 7 Sacraments-he had been

named Defender of the Faith 6 articles of 1539 Reaffirmed transubstantiation,

denied the cup to laity, declared celibacy mandatory, invocation of saints

Henry’s successors

Henry dies in 1553 Edward VI only 10 years old Full scale Protestant reformation enacted 1549-Act of Uniformity imposes Thomas

Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer 42 Article of Faith by Thomas Cranmer 1553-1558-Mary 1-restored Catholic

doctrine and practice 1558-1603-Elizabeth 1-Anglican

settlement

Thomas Cranmer

"WE do not preſume to come to this thy table (o mercifull lord) truſting in our owne righteouſnes, but in thy manifold & great mercies: we be not woorthie ſo much as to gather up the cromes under thy table: but thou art the ſame lorde whoſe propertie is alwayes to have mercie: Graunt us therefore (gracious lorde) ſo to eate the fleſhe of thy dere ſonne Jeſus Chriſt, and to drynke his bloud in theſe holy Miſteries, that we may continuallye dwell in hym, and he in us, that our ſynfull bodyes may bee made cleane by his body, and our ſoules waſhed through hys moſt precious bloud. Amen.

""WE do not presume to come to this thy Table (O merciful Lord) trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We be not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the Flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his Blood, in these holy Mysteries, that we may continually dwell in him, and he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his Body, and our souls washed through his most precious Blood. Amen."

The Catholic Counter Reformation-internal reform Founding of new religious orders Spanish mysticism

Saint Teresa of Avila Saint John of the Cross

Mysticism-St Theresa

I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...

The Jesuits

Ignatius of Loyola-Society of Jesus The Jesuits-soldiers of Christ

Spiritual Exercises-Devotional guide that encouraged religious and moral self-discipline

Encouraged absolute devotion to the Church

St. Francis Xavier

Father Jacques Marquette

The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Reassertion of church doctrine Ended worse abuses of selling church

offices and church goods Better training of priests-set up

seminaries Reaffirmed traditional Catholic

doctrines Set up Index and Inquisition

Magisterial reformers

Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist reformers

Worked within framework of reigning political powers

Wanted reform within reigning laws and institutions

Some see them as essentially conservative forces and accepting of sociopolitical status quo

Education

Implementation of education reforms of humanism in new Protestant schools and universities

Studia humanitatis-study of the humanities

Relief of the Poor

Pre-reformation-charity of each individual Christian

Rise of prot reformation-poor houses and collections for the poor

1495-Vagabond Act of 1495 Poor laws passed in 1600s

Deserving and Undeserving poor “The Worthy Poor”

Role of Women

Favored clerical marriage and opposed monasticism (convents and nunneries)

Opposed medieval depiction of women as temptresses (Eve) and exalted as virgin (Mary)

Women praised as wives and mothers Sacredness of home and family-The Holy

Household Idea of companionate marriage Women gained right to divorce and remarry

Marriage

Marriage at later ages-men in their mid to late 20’s, women in their early to mid 20’s

Requirement of parental consent and public vows

Late marriage and material problems 1 in 5 women never married-15 %

unmarried widows Arranged marriages-parents discussed the

terms of the marriage-”love” and marriage

Marriage and family

Nuclear family-father and mother and 2-4 children

Average husband and wife had 6-7 children

1/3 died by age 5, ½ by teens Child death and families Artificial birth control-opposed by

church Support of hired wet nurses-opposed

by Church

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra Wrote in deeply Catholic Spain Aggressive piety of Catholic rulers Preoccupation with honor and loyalty 1603- Don Quixote

Story of middle aged man who has come to believe he is a brave knight and tries to prove it with heroic deeds

William Shakespeare

Greatest playwright of the English language

Wrote histories, comedies, and tragedies

Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth

Wildly popular and touched on universal themes

Political conservative who accepted social rankings and power structure

Witch Persecution 1480-1700

Witches

Outbreaks of Witch related hysteria start to break out in early 1500’s

1515-Geneva, Switzerland-burn 500 suspected witches at the stake

1524-1000 executions in Como, Italy 1571-Witch hysteria sweeps through Frannce

1500-1660-Between 50,000 and 80,000 executed as witches

26000 dead in Germany

Cunning Folk

Folk healers who used folk medicine or folk remedies-”white magic”

Maleficium

Latin term for wrongdoing or mischief to people or property

Diabolism

Devil-worship

The Malleus Maleficarum

The Hammer of Witches Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger

Professional manual for witch hunters

Malleus Maleficarum

Answers skeptics who don’t believe in witches

Singles out women as the source of evil, especially midwives

Lays out procedures for trials and executions

Misogyny and the Hammer

But because in these times this perfidy is more often found in women than in men, as we learn by actual experience, if anyone is curious as to the reason, we may add to what has already been said the following: that since they are feebler both in mind and body, it is not surprising that they should come more under the spell of witchcraft . . .

But the natural reason is that she is more carnal than a man, as is clear from her many carnal abominations. And it should be noted that there was a defect in the formation of the first woman, since she was formed from a bent rib, that is, a rib of the breast, which is bent as it were in a contrary direction to a man. And since through this defect she is an imperfect animal, she always deceives . . .

And indeed, just as through the first defect in their intelligence that are more prone to abjure the faith; so through their second defect of inordinate affections and passions they search for, brood over, and inflict various vengeances, either by witchcraft, or by some other means. Wherefore it is no wonder that so great a number of witches exist in this sex . . .

To conclude. All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable. 

What witches do!

The Malleus Maleficarum, describes how witches were known to "collect male organs in great numbers, as many as twenty or thirty members together, and put them in a bird's nest..." The manual recounts a story of a man who, having lost his penis, went to a witch to have it restored:

She told the afflicted man to climb a certain tree, and that he might take which he liked out of a nest in which there were several members. And when he tried to take a big one, the witch said: You must not take that one; adding, because it belonged to a parish priest.