chapter 3: north america. diversity amid globalization, 3rd edition: rowntree, lewis, price &...

Chapter 3: North America

Diversity Amid Globalization, 3rd edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price & Wyckoff

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Learning Objectives

Why North America first? Begin applying concepts from first two chapters in a familiar setting.Identify similarities in cultural, political and economic development.Develop a base of understanding to build upon with other world regions.


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Key Concepts

Boreal Forest, Prairie, TundraAcid RainPostindustrial EconomyMegalopolisCounterurbanizationGentrification

Concentric Zone Model vs. Urban Realm ModelCultural AssimilationNAFTAFederalismSectoral Transformation


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Setting the Boundaries

North AmericaRegion composed of two countries:• Canada• The United States

Highly mobile, industrialized and urbanized


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Figure 3.1

North America


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Physical Diversity: Landforms

Gulf-Atlantic Coastal PlainPiedmont, Appalachian Mountains and Interior HighlandsInterior LowlandsRocky MountainsPacific Mountains and Valleys

Physical Geography

Figure 3.6


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Physical Diversity: Climate

Region’s size, latitudinal range and varied terrain contribute to diversity in climate and vegetation patterns.

Coastal Zones: Maritime climateInterior Zones: Continental climateWestern Zones: Highland climate (elevation complicates climatic pattern)


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Climate Map

Figure 3.9


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Figure 3.4

EnvironmentalIssues


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Human-Environment Interaction: Costs of Human Modification

Soils, Vegetation and WaterAgricultural TransformationsUrban Transformations

AtmosphereAcid RainAir Quality

Resource Consumption


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Population: Current

Modern Spatial and Demographic Patterns

Uneven pattern of distribution.Metropolitan clusters dominate landscape.

• Megalopolis

Figure 3.11


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Population: Historic

European Settlement Expansion

1st Stage (1600-1750)2nd Stage (1750-1850)3rd Stage (1850-1910)

Figure 3.12


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North Americans on the Move

Westward MigrationAfrican-American Migration from the SouthRural-to-Urban MigrationMigration to the Sunbelt SouthCounterurbanization


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Figure 3.19


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American City Growth

Changing Transportation Technologies

Evolving from Concentric Zones to Urban Realms

Figure 3.16


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Settlement Geographies: Urban

Urban Realms Model

Highlights new suburban growth.Edge Cities

• Tysons Corner, VA is an example of this form.

Figure 3.2


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Settlement Geographies: Urban (cont’d)

GentrificationBoston’s Harborplace is an example of an urban revitalization project that rehabilitated a deteriorated inner-city landscape.

Figure 3.17


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Settlement Geographies - Suburban

Sprawl in Las Vegas, NVRapid pace of change in suburban Henderson, NV between 1990 and 2000

Figure 3.14


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Settlement Geographies: Rural

Repeating geometric patterns are a hallmark of rural North American landscapes

Township and Range

Figure 3.18


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Figure 3.22 Figure 3.24

Patterns of Ethnicity: Regional and Local Scales


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Globalization of Culture

Cultural Diffusion: Two-way process

North America Other World Regions• Language• Tourism• Internet• Media

Forms of Connectivity

The Legacy of Federalism

1. Two types of state (country) government (1) unitary: power centralized at the national level; and (2) federalism: allocates considerable political power and autonomy to units of government under the national level

2. Early federalism in United States and Canada: United States began with limited central authority and allocated all unspecified authority to states or individuals, while Canada reserved most powers for the central government

3. Evolution of federalism: U.S. has evolved a more powerful central government, while Canada has shifted toward more provincial (state) autonomy


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Geopolitical Framework

Expansion of Political Space: U.S.The Ordinance of 1787Louisiana Purchase in 1803Texas, Pacific Northwest and Southwest by mid-19th CenturyAlaska in 1867Hawaii in 1898


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Geopolitical Framework (cont’d)

Expansion of Political Space: Canada

Quebec Act of 1774Constitutional Act of 1791Act of Union in 1840British North America Act in 1867Nunavut in 1999


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Creating A Continental Economy

Sectoral Transformation

Evolution from primary sector to quaternary sector

Map illustrates spatial concentrations of these transformations

Figure 3.28


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Sectoral Shifts

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Gulf Coast Petroleum Refining

Silicon Valley


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Continental Neighbors: NAFTA

Figure 3.33


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Persisting Social Issues

Figure 3.34

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.36

Wealth and Poverty

Aging Landscapes

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