chapter 3 morphology
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Instructor: Xia Yun School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University. Introduction to Linguistics. Chapter 3 Morphology. Warm-up. Read the following passage and pick out the words which you think are composed of more than one part. Ticketless Travel. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3 Morphology
Introduction to Linguistics
Instructor: Xia Yun
School of Foreign Languages, Southwest University
Warm-upWarm-up
Read the following passage and pick out the words which you think are composed of more than one part.
Ticketless Travel
My friend’s brother, Cliff, is a very serious, dignified man, so his actions at an airport’s check-in counter were totally unexpected.
It seems that he and his wife were placing their baggage on the conveyor when her purse accidentally fell onto the moving belt. She scrambled after it but it eluded her, so she climbed onto the belt to try to reach it.
Just as she was about to disappear through the doorway with the baggage, Cliff began to wave frantically, “No, no dear!” he shouted. “It’s okay! This time we bought tickets.”
My friend’s brother, Cliff, is a very serious, dignified man, so his actionsactions at an airport’s check-inairport’s check-in counter werewere totally unexpectedunexpected.
It seems that he and his wife werewere placing placing their baggage on the conveyorconveyor when her purse accidentallyaccidentally fell ontoonto the movingmoving belt. She scrambledscrambled after it but it eludedeluded her, so she climbedclimbed ontoonto the belt to try to reach it.
Just as she waswas about to disappeardisappear through the doorwaydoorway with the baggage, Cliff beganbegan to wave franticallyfrantically, “No, no dear!” he shoutedshouted. “It’s okay! This time we boughtbought tickets.”
Key word 1Key word 1
Morphology 形态学
Activity 1
Read the words in Group A and Group B below. What are the features shared by those words? Write your assumptions in the following box.
Activity 1
A rider commander murder leader manufacturer owner producer
B reader miller Londoner gardener prisoner messenger philosopher
Morphology Morphology 形态学形态学
Morphology, as a branch of linguistics, is thus the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Why study morphology
Dictionaries do not list all possible words of a language
new words Google, meth, bedhead
new usages of words to google something, crystal
words derived by productive rules: goes, going unfold, foldable, refold, unfoldable
Morphological competence includes information about how morphemes work, and how they can and can’t fit together.
Key word 2Key word 2
Morpheme
Activity 2
Please divide the underlined words in “Ticketless Travel” into their building parts as far as possible, make sure no part loses its identification of meaning.
unexpectedunexpected
un + expect + edun + expect + ed
↓↓““word-like” elementsword-like” elements
↓↓
most basic elements of meaningmost basic elements of meaning
unexpectedunexpected
① un +② expect +③ ed
→ bound morpheme
→ free morpheme
→ bound morpheme
MorphemesMorphemes
Free morphemes
Bound morphemes
Activity 3
Divide the following morphemes into 2 groups according to whether they can be used as words independently.
Activity 3
-ness the it book -ful happy because -er on if
long re- love but and house Pre- -dis -look and
Free morphemes and bound Free morphemes and bound morphemesmorphemes
book house love look, long happy and but because if on it the Free morphemes stand alone as words
-ness -ful -less -er re- pre- dis-
Bound morphemes cannot normally stand
alone, but function only as parts of words
root forms base for affixes to attach to;
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts
stem formed when a root is combined with an
affix (that other affixes can continue to be attached to)
unexpectedunexpected
expectexpect → root
unexpectedunexpected
① un +② expect +③ ed
→ stem
Roots and stemsRoots and stems
Works
Workers
workshops
a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in this case the root and the stem are the same, e.g. in works, work is both the stem and the root;
a root plus a derivational affix, e.g. in workers, work is the root, worker is the stem;
two or more roots, e.g. in workshops, both work and shop are roots, workshop is the stem.
Free morphemesFree morphemes
Lexical morphemes
Functional morphemes
Free morphemesFree morphemes
Lexical morphemes
open class of words
book house love look long happy
Functional morphemes
closed class of words
and but because if on it the
Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
Bound MorphemesBound Morphemes
Derivational morphemes
make new words in the language
make words of a different grammatical category from the stem
-ness -ful -less -er re- pre- dis-
Inflectional morphemes
not used to produce new words
show aspects of the grammatical function of a word
indicate whether a word is singular or plural
indicate whether it is in the past tense or present tense
indicate whether it is a possessive or comparative form
Reading the following sentences and point Reading the following sentences and point out the inflectional morphemes.out the inflectional morphemes.
1. If a man’s wife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him.
2. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in.
3. The writer liked joking and has taken things seriously.
4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.
1. If a man’s wife is beautiful, two eyes are not enough for him.
2. Take time to deliberate; but when the time for action arrives, stop thinking and go in.
3. The writer liked joking and has taken things seriously.
4. One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.
noun + -’s/s’, -s worker’s/workers’, workers
verb + -s, -ing, -ed, -en arrive, arrives, arriving, arrived
adjective + -er, -est loud, louder, loudest
Difference between Difference between Derivational and Derivational and Inflectional MorphemesInflectional Morphemes
a derivational morpheme can change the grammatical category of a word, creating entirely new words
sing (v.) + -er = singer (n.)
an inflectional morpheme never alters the grammatical category of a word
quick → quicker (adjective)
morphemes
free morpheme
morphemes
bound morpheme free morpheme
morphemes
bound morpheme free morpheme
morphemes
Iexical morpheme
bound morpheme free morpheme
morphemes
Iexical morpheme
functional morpheme
bound morpheme free morpheme
morphemes
Iexical morpheme
functional morpheme
derivational morpheme
bound morpheme free morpheme
morphemes
Iexical morpheme
functional morpheme
derivational morpheme
inflectional morpheme
Key word 3Key word 3
Morphs and Allomorphs
Activity 4
Change the following nouns into plural forms.
meaning map watch mouse foot deer
WordsWords
meaningmeaning meaningsmeanings /-z//-z/
map map mapsmaps /-s//-s/
watch watch watcheswatches /-iz//-iz/
mouse mouse micemice /-ai-//-ai-/
foot foot feetfeet /-i//-i/
deerdeer deerdeer /Ø/ /Ø/ (zero (zero change)change)
WordsWords Orthographic Orthographic formform
meaningmeaning meaningsmeanings /-z//-z/
map map mapsmaps /-s//-s/
watch watch watcheswatches /-iz//-iz/
mouse mouse micemice /-ai-//-ai-/
foot foot feetfeet /-i//-i/
deerdeer deerdeer /Ø/ /Ø/ (zero (zero change)change)
WordsWords Orthographic Orthographic formform
Phonological form
meaningmeaning meaningsmeanings /-z//-z/
map map mapsmaps /-s//-s/
watch watch watcheswatches /-iz//-iz/
mouse mouse micemice /-ai-//-ai-/
foot foot feetfeet /-i//-i/
deerdeer deerdeer /Ø/ /Ø/ (zero (zero change)change)
Orthographic form
Phonological form
↓ Morphs 词素
Orthographic variations
Phonological variations
↓ Allomorphs 词素变体
AllomorphsAllomorphs
Allomorphs of the morpheme of past tense: {-ed}
Orthographic realizations -d -ed other forms correspondent to irregular verbs
Phonological realizations /-t/ /-d/ /-id/ other forms
Morphemes
Morphology
Morphemes • Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
Morphology
Morphs
Morphemes • Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
Morphology
Morphs
Morphemes • Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
•Phonological (spoken) realizations•Orthographic (written) realizations
Morphology
Allomorphs
Morphs
Morphemes • Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
•Phonological (spoken) realizations•Orthographic (written) realizations
Morphology
Allomorphs
Morphs
Morphemes • Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
•Phonological (spoken) realizations•Orthographic (written) realizations
Morphology
• Phonological variants• Orthographic variants
Allomorphs
Morphs
Morphemes
Words
• Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
•Phonological (spoken) realizations•Orthographic (written) realizations
Morphology
• Phonological variants• Orthographic variants
Allomorphs
Morphs
Morphemes
Words
• Free Morphemes• Bound Morphemes
• Word-formation
•Phonological (spoken) realizations•Orthographic (written) realizations
Morphology
• Phonological variants• Orthographic variants
Key word 4Key word 4
Word-formation
① Ss’ oral presentation of different types of word-formation
② Class discussion on the most important morphological phenomena: compounding and derivation
① Ss’ oral presentation of different types of word-formation
Word-formation
Compounding
Word-formation
Compounding
DerivationWord-
formation
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Word-formation
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation
Word-formation
Clipping
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation
Word-formation
Blending
Clipping
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation
Word-formation
Acronym
Blending
Clipping
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation
Word-formation
Initialism
Acronym
Blending
Clipping
Compounding
Derivation
Conversion
Backformation
Word-formation
② Class discussion on the most important morphological phenomena: compounding and derivation
CompoundingCompounding
Compounding
What is compounding? What are the Orthographical
features of compounds? How to decide the part of speech
of compounds? How to decide the main stress of a
compound?
What is compounding?
two free morphemes are combined to form a compound
typewriter workshop tractor-driver
What are the Orthographical features of compounds?
Activity 4 Step 1 Divide the following compounds
into three groups. Step 2 Summarize the orthographical
features of compounds based on the examples given.
You-know-who, bedtime, sleeping, reading comprehension, armchair, tax-free, kick-off, touch-me-not, playboy
Activity 5
How to decide the part of speech of compounds?
Activity 5 Step 1 Decide the parts of speech of
the following words, consult your dictionary if necessary.
Step 2 Summarize the rules used to determine the part of speech of compounds.
Activity 6
playboy, fall-down, dress-design, telephone call, warm-up, crackdown,
house-keep, birth-control, self-control, duty-free, kick-off
How to decide the main stress of a compound?
Activity 6 Step 1 Decide the main stress of the
following compounds. Step 2 Summarize the rules of main
stress of compounds.
Activity 7
blackberry, blackguard, black-current, blackboard, black bird, running dog, dancing girl
DerivationDerivation
Derivation
What is derivation? What derivational process can do to a
word? What are the meanings of frequently
used prefixes and suffixes ?
What is derivation?
adding affixes to other words or morphemes
at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme (a derivational morpheme or affix)
What derivational process can do to a word?
adding affixes to other words or morphemes
at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme (a derivational morpheme or affix)
may change the grammatical potential of a word and involves a change of form
What are the meanings of frequently used prefixes and suffixes ?
Activity 8 State the morphological rules that
govern the use of the given derivational affixes
Activity 8
--ant, --ment, sub-, --en, --ee, --ful, --some, --wise, un-
Relevant Websites
Prefixsuffix.com (http://www.prefixsuffix.com/rootchart.php)
Morphological Process (http://www.cycfoundation.org/concepts/MorphologicalProcess)
Branches of Morphology
Inflectional Morphology (曲折形态学 ) Lexical Morphology (词汇形态学)
Assignments and Assignments and HomeworkHomework
Exercises of Chapter 3 (p. 63)
Thank Thank you!you!