chapter 3: mesopotamia and the fertile crescent
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Chapter 3: Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent. Section 1 Geography of the Fertile Crescent. Geography of the Fertile Crescent. The Big Idea. The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the site of the world’s first civilizations. Main Ideas - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3
World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 3:Mesopotamia and the Fertile
Crescent
Section 1Geography of the Fertile Crescent
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Geography of the Fertile Crescent
The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were the site of the world’s first civilizations.
Main Ideas• The rivers of Southwest Asia supported the growth
of civilizations.
• New farming techniques led to the growth of cities.
The Big Idea
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Main Idea 1: Rivers Support the Growth of Civilization Early people settled where crops would grow, which
was near rivers.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the most important physical features of the region known as Mesopotamia.
Farm settlements in Mesopotamia
eventually developed into civilizations.
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Land Between Two Rivers Mesopotamia means “between the rivers” in Greek.
Mesopotamia is part of a larger area of rich farmland called the Fertile Crescent, that extends from the Persian Gulf to
the Mediterranean Sea.
Mesopotamia was divided into two
regions in ancient times: northern and
southern Mesopotamia.
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Hunter-gatherer groups settled in Mesopotamia more than 12,000 years ago.
Annual floods on the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers brought silt that made
the land ideal for farming.
Silt is a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks.
Plentiful food led to population growth and the formation of villages, and later into the world’s first civilizations.
Rise of Civilizations
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Main Idea 2: Farming and Cities – Controlling Water
Region receives very little rain and flooding was unpredictable.
Farmers used irrigation and canals as
a way to control river flow.
A way of supplying water to an area of land
Human-made waterwaysCanals
Irrigation
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Food Surpluses and Effects Irrigation increased the amount of food farmers produced and
created a surplus, or more food than needed. Fewer people needed to farm, so new occupations (jobs)
developed. When workers specialize in a particular task or job, a division
of labor is created.
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Section 2:The Rise of Sumer
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The Rise of Sumer
The Sumerians developed the first
civilization in Mesopotamia.
Main Ideas The Sumerians created the world’s first advanced
society. Religion played a major role in Sumerian society.
The Big Idea
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An Advanced Society A people known as Sumerians developed the world’s first
civilization in southern Mesopotamia.
By 3000 B.C., several hundred thousand Sumerians had settled in a land they called Sumer.
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City-States Basic political units: consisted of a city (urban) and all of the
surrounding countryside (rural). The amount of countryside in each city-state depended on
its military strength. Fought each other to gain more farmland Built walled cities for protection
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Sargon and the Rise of the Akkadian Empire Akkadian society developed just north of Sumer.
Akkadian king, Sargon, was the first ruler to have a permanent army.
Sargon wanted to expand Akkadian territory and conquered all of the city-states of Sumer, as well as northern Mesopotamia.
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Sargon/Akkadia continued
With these conquests, Sargon established the world’s first empire – Land with different territories and peoples under a single ruler.
Sargon was emperor – ruler of his empire – for more than 50 years.
After his death, the empire lasted only a century longer.
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Main Idea 2: Religion Shapes Society Religion was the basis for all Sumerian society.
Sumerians were polytheistic: Polytheism is the worship of
many gods.
Gods had enormous powers. Priests, people who performed religious ceremonies,
gained high status in Sumerian society.
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Sumerian Religion continued… Each city-state considered one god to be its special protector.
Enlil – lord of the air Enki – god of wisdom Inanna – goddess of love and war Nanna – moon god Utu – sun god
Priests performed religious ceremonies in giant temples called ziggurats – shaped like squared, tiered wedding cakes.
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Sumerian Social Order Social hierarchy: the division of society by rank or
class Kings were at the top of the order because they
claimed to be chosen to rule by the gods. Social order
Kings
Priests
Skilled craftspeople, merchants, and traders
Large working class of farmers and laborers
Slaves
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Men and Women in Sumer Men generally held the political power and made
laws. Women generally took care of the
home and children. Education was generally reserved for
men, but some upper class women were educated. Some women were priestesses in Sumerian temples.
Enheduanna, a priestess who wrote hymns and Sargon’s daughter, is the first known female writer in history.
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Section 3
Sumerian Achievements
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Sumerian Achievements
The Sumerians made many advances that helped their society develop.
Main Ideas The Sumerians invented the world’s first writing
system. Advances and inventions changed Sumerian lives. Many types of art developed in Sumer.
The Big Idea
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Main Idea 1: The Invention of Writing The Sumerians made one of the greatest cultural advances
in history – they developed writing.
The cuneiform (kyoo-nee-uh-fohrm) system of writing involved people using sharp tools called a stylus to make wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets.
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Writing continued… Earlier writing had used pictographs, or picture symbols.
In cuneiform, symbols could represent syllables, or parts of words, and be combined to express more complex ideas.
First used to keep business records
A writer, or scribe, kept the records
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Writing continued… Sumerians wrote works on history, law, grammar, and math.
Also created works of literature: stories, proverbs, songs, and long poems that tell stories of heroes, called epics.
Famous Sumerian epic poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, is a story of a legendary Sumerian king.
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Main Idea 2: Advances and Inventions Development of the wheel
Used for carts and wagons Potter’s wheel
The plow increased farm production. Sewers under city streets Math and science
Number system based on 60 Names of animals, plants, and minerals
Used medicines for healing and catalogued medical knowledge
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Architecture Rulers lived in large palaces.
Most Sumerians lived in houses with many rooms around a small courtyard.
Mud bricks were the houses’ main building blocks.
A ziggurat, or pyramid-shaped temple tower, rose above each city.
The Arts Sculptors produced many
statues of the gods for their temples.
Jewelry was a popular item made from imported gold, silver, and gems.
Engraved cylinder seals are one of Sumer’s most famous types of art.
Battle scenes
Show ownership
Highly decorative
Main Idea 3: The Arts of Sumerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki8S5I83Ccc
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Section 4
Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent
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Later Peoples of the Fertile Crescent
Main Ideas The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and
created a code of law. Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s
culture. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the
eastern Mediterranean region.
The Big IdeaAfter the Sumerians, many cultures ruled parts of the Fertile Crescent.
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Main Idea 1: The Babylonians conquer Mesopotamia • Babylon was located on the Euphrates River near what is
today, Baghdad, Iraq.
• In 1792 B.C., Hammurabi became
Babylon’s king.
• He would become the city’s
greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire.
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Hammurabi Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his
Babylonian Empire.
Oversaw building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system.
Most famous for his code of laws.
Ruled for 42 years
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Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still found in laws today.
Specific crimes brought specific
penalties.
Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one.
It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see.
Hammurabi’s Code
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Armies battled for control of fertile land.
Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia. Hittites Kassites Assyrians Chaldeans
Each group affected the culture of the region.
Main Idea 2: Invasions of Mesopotamia
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The Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they made the strongest weapons of the time.
They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, which allowed them to move quickly around the battlefield.
They were taken over by the Kassites after their king was assassinated.
The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years.
The Hittites & Kassites
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The Assyrians The Assyrians had a strong army that used
chariots and iron weapons.
They spread terror before battles by
looting villages and burning crops.
Assyrian kings ruled their empire through
local leaders who each governed a small area.
The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.
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The Chaldeans The Chaldeans destroyed the Assyrian
Empire in 612 B.C.
King Nebuchadnezzar (neb-uh-kuhd-NEZ-uhr) rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city that had the famous Hanging Gardens.
They admired the Sumerian culture, studied their language, and built temples to Sumerian gods.
Babylon became a center for astronomy.
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Main Idea 3: The Phoenicians (fi-NI-shuns) Located at the western end of the Fertile Crescent, in what is
now Lebanon.
Became excellent sailors and sailed throughout the Mediterranean building trade networks, and founding new cities.
Grew wealthy from trading
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Resources Traded:
prized cedar
silverwork
ivory carvings
purple dyed cloth
slaves
Built great harbors
Alphabet Created one of the
world’s first alphabets – set of letters that can be combined to form words
Made writing much easier for everyone
Is the basis for the English language
Expansion of Trade
Excellent sailors
Traveled around Mediterranean to:
Egypt
Greece
Italy
Sicily
Spain
Main Idea 3: The Phoenicians continued…
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