Industrial Growth

Chapter 3

3.1TECHNOLOGICAL, INNOVATIONS, AND URBANIZATION

After Civil War, America continued to become an industrial urban society.

InventorsSamuel Morse – telegraphAlexander Graham Bell- telephoneThomas Edison – Light bulb

CanalsImproved water travel New York’s Erie Canal

Ship goods west more easilyHelp NYC become major economic center

Inventions and Innovation

Business and individuals communicate more easilyLonger working hours and

better products

RailroadsShip goods across country cheaper, faster, and

more efficientlyAllowed the west to expand and grow

The Internal Combustion EngineRelied on the combustion of fossil fuels like

gasoline lead to the breakthrough of the automobile

Henry FordFirst to perfect and successfully market

automobileModel T

Mass productionProduce enough automobiles to see them at

reduced pricesAssemble line – employees stayed while the parts

movedThought of workers as consumers

Wanted workers to afford an automobilePaid them unheard-of $5 per day

Automobiles and Airplanes

MigrationMany people left farms for citiesHigher wagesFewer people make living off of farming

ImmigrationMany from Eastern and Southern Europe

Italy, Russia, PolandEllis Island

New York Harbor – 1892Reception center for poor immigrants arriving by

shipCultural shock

Migration and Immigrants

Population became very denseMelting Pot – people of all backgrounds come

together in the U.S. to assimilate into American culture

Many did not want to assimilate and loose their heritage

Cities started to experience cultural pluralism – presence of many different cultures in one society

Problems and ConcernsU.S. citizens looked at immigrants negatively

Took jobs away from AmericansMistrusted immigrants because of cultures barriersPracticing culture and speaking native language is

disloyal to the U.S.Ethnic Ghettos – inner city cities with immigrants

of same culture, language, and heritageReligious tension

Push and Pull FactorsPush factors – why people leave one region for

anotherWar, religious freedom, natural disasters,

political/religious prosecution Pull Factors – why people want to come to a

regionPolitical freedom, religious freedom, jobs,

economic opportunities

Living and Working Conditions among ImmigrantsTenements – small over crowded apartment

where immigrants livedOne room, unsafe, unsanitary

Worked long hours under hazardous conditionsSweatshops – contracted out work from factories

located in small makeshift factories or apartmentsPoorly lit, poorly ventilation, unsafeLong hours, little pay

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory1911 factory fireNine floor building which had 500 workers (women

and some children) on a SaturdayMost doors locked to prevent them from leaving

Suburbs formed with the electric trolleyClassifications developed:

Middle class and upper class moved away from cities

Poor class and immigrants remained in the inner cities

FarmsWorked until the work was doneNot a lot of leisure time

FactoryWorked by the clockEntertainment began to grow with leisure time

Urban Life in the Age of Industrialization

Entertainment Salons – popular place for men to socialize,

drink, and talk politicsDance halls and musical shows – entertainment

for womenAmusement parks and Vaudeville shows

(inexpensive variety shows)Boxing, horse racing and baseballNew York’s Central Park – landscaper

Frederick Law Olmsted

Take out your homework.

If you were absent Friday, grab 3.2 from the back.

3.2THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS

Bessemer Process: developed by Sir henry BessemerNew method for making steelMake quicker and efficientExpansion for railroads and building

constructionAndrew Carnegie: dominated the steel

industryCreated a monopoly on the industryGospel of Wealth – Carnegie believed he should

use the money on public causes not spend it on frivolous pursuits

Rags to riches story

Giants of Early U.S. Industrialization

Edwin L. Drake – drilled for oil in PAJohn D. Rockefeller – becoming the nations

riches and most powerful businessmanStandard Oil was the nations first trust

a business arrangement which a number of companies unite under one system

Help create monopoliesEliminate competitors, control the U.S. oil

industry, and dictate prices

Cornelius Vanderbilt – impact on the railroad industryMade it possible to travel form New York to

Chicago nonstop by trainJ.P. Morgan – most powerful and influential

finance capitalistControl over banks, insurance companies, and

some stock-market operations Bought out Carnegie’s steel company making

Carnegie the richest man in the world

George Westinghouse – invented transformers so electricity can be transmitted at alternating currents to points farawayWestinghouse Electric founder

Rapid growth after the Civil WarFactories replace local shops Stimulate economic growthBusiness owners enjoyed “limited liability”

Afford to invest large amounts of money without the risk of loosing everything if the business failed

Corporations

3.3POLITICS AND CORRUPTION

Spoils systemGovernment officials awarded supports with

government positionsLed to a lot of corruption in government assassination of President James Garfield by

man who did not receive a government position led to the passage of the Pendleton Act

Pendleton ActEstablished the Civil Service Commission

Required applications to pass a civil service exam Appointment would be based on merit not loyalties

The Spoils System and the Pendleton Act

Political MachinesUnofficial entities meant to keep a certain

party or group in powerMost famous political boss was New York’s

Boss William TweedRan Tammany Hall – political club that controlled

the city’s Democratic partyThomas Nast’s political cartoons helped to bring

him down from powerGraft – the use of ones political position or job

to gain wealth

Sherman Antitrust ActPassed by Congress during President Benjamin

HarrisonMade monopolies illegal Supreme Court ruling on E.C. Knight Company

saidSherman Antitrust Act cannot be used to break-up

monopolies in manufacturing just distribution of a product

Government Regulations

Create a newspaper article (if you were writing it back then) on two of the men we discussed yesterday. (3-5 paragraphs) Microsoft Publisher has a newspaper template on in. You are to compare and contrast these men based on business practices and lives. Then tell if these men are “Captains of Industry” or “Robber Barons”. Explain.

Project