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CHAPTER-2

AN OVERVIEW OF STUDY AREA: HARYANA AND DELHI

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2.1 HARYANA

Haryana is a north Indian state with an extremely rich history and culture. The capital of Haryana

is Chandigarh which it shares with Punjab. “There is a saying about Haryana that Desaan main

des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means Best among all the countries in the world is

Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yogurt"1.The official language of Haryana is Hindi

but the local dialect spoken in most areas of the state is Haryanavi.

Historical Background

The name Haryana has been derived from two Sanskrit Word, Hari (God) and Aranya (forest)

and the name itself is mentioned in the writings which date back to 12th Century AD. The

history of Haryana dates back to the Vedic civilization and Indus Valley Civilization times.

Haryana has been a seat of advance habitation and host of activities in the past. It was a part of

the Koreav region during the Mahabharata. The epic war of Mahabharata was fought on the field

of Kurukshetra which is an important historical event of Haryana. The state has also been

witness to three battles of Panipat in the past.2

Formation

Haryana as a new state of Indian union was made on 1st November, 1966. On the basis of the

recommendation made by Sarder Hukam Singh Committee (1965), the Central govt. formed the

Shah Commission on 23rd

April, 1966. The basic aim of this commission was to divide and set

the boundaries between Punjab and Haryana on the basis of language spoken. Same example of

separation on the language basis was used in the formation of Himachal Pradesh as well. As per

1Simran Singh, Amandeep Singh & Gagandeep Singh, “ Concise Haryana General Knowledge”, ShreeRam Law

House, Chadigarh, 2012, p-123. 2 D. C. Verma & Sukhbir Singh, “Haryana Book,” National Book Trust, New Delhi, 2001, ISBN : 812373485.

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the report of Shah Commission on 31st May, 1966, the then five districts named Gurgaon, Hisar,

Mahendragarh, Rohtak and Karnal became a part of Haryana.3

Administrative Structure

Administratively, Haryana state is divided into four divisions which include Ambala, Rohtak,

Gurgaon and Hisar.4 These divisions are further divided into districts, tehsils, subdivions, blocks

and villages. The state has 21 districts with total 74 tehsils, 54 sub-divisions, 119 blocks and

6841 villages.

Table 2.1

List of Divisions & Districts in Haryana

Divisions and Districts in Haryana

Divisions Districts

Ambala Ambala Kaithal Panchkula Kurukshetra

Rohtak Rohtak Panipat Karnal Jhajjar Sonepat

Gurgaon Gurgaon Mahendegarh Rewari Faridabad Palwal Mewat

Hisar Hisar Jind Bhiwani Fatehabad Sirsa

Demographic Profile

As per Census of India, 2011, Haryana‟s total population is 2.54 crores which is a slight increase

from the total population of 2.11 crores in Census, 2001. The male population in Haryana is

13,494,734 and female is 11,856,728 as per Census, 2011. Literacy rate in the state is about 76%

and it denotes the improvement in the last few years because of the planned and some serious

efforts of the government. Haryana has a skewed sex ratio at 879 for each 1000 male which is

much below than the national sex ratio at 940 for each 1000 male. The demographic profile of

the Haryana state as per Census, 2011 is presented below:5

3 Ibid. 4 Ambala Yellosa , “District Profiles State & UTs”, Arise Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, Vol II, 2009, p-8. 5 Census of India, 2011.

37

Table 2.2

Demographic Profile of Haryana

Description 2011

Approximate Population 2.54 Crores

Male Population 13,494,734

Female Population 11,856,728

Total Population Growth 19.90%

Percentage of Total Population 2.09%

Sex Ratio 879

Child Sex Ratio 834

Density/km2 573

Area km2 44,212

Literacy 75.55%

Male Literacy 84.06%

Female Literacy 56.91%

Source: Census of India, 2011

Location

Haryana is a landlocked state in the northern India which is located between the latitudes 27°39‟

to 30° 35‟ N and between longitude 74°28' to 77°36' E. The altitude of the state lies between the

ranges of 700 to 3600 feet above the sea level.

Area

In Haryana, total 1,533 sq. km. area is covered by the forests. The total road length of the state is

23,684 km. There are 29 national highways and many state highways with a total length of 1,461

km and 2,494 km respectively. The ISOCODE for Haryana provided by the International

Organization for Standardization is HR.

Geography

Haryana is bounded by the Punjab state in the west, by Himachal Pradesh in the north, by

Uttrakhand in the north-east, by Uttar Pradesh and Delhi in the east and by Rajasthan in the south

38

and southwest. Haryana state enclosed Delhi on three sides.6 The state has four distinct

geographical features which are as follows:

Semi-desert sandy Plain

Aravali Hills

Shivalik Hills

Yamuna- Ghaggar Plain

Climate

Haryana state has a tropical climate which is quite similar to other northern states. The climate in

summers used to be extremely hot and the highest temperature is near to 45 degree Celsius. The

hottest months of the year in Haryana are May, June and July. The winter starts in the month of

December and the lowest temperature is 4-5 Degree Celsius in January. From August onwards,

the state receives moderate rainfall. The Shivalik region used to receive maximum rainfall

whereas, Aravali region receives the lowest. Most of the rainfall comes in the month of July,

August and September. Sometimes, the excessive rainfalls also bring minor floods in the state.7

Minerals

Haryana state does not possess major significant deposits of mineral. The minor minerals

extracted from the earth of Haryana include stone, gravel, sand, etc.

Economic Scenario

Since its formation in 1966, the economic growth of Haryana has remained exemplary. During

the last 8 years (from 2005 to 2013), state economy has grew at a remarkable average growth of

8.8 percent annually. The annual average growth rate of Haryana is higher than annually 8.0

percent growth rate of the national economy. Due to developed irrigation system, Haryana has

emerged as the leading producer of crops. Agriculture is the primary employment sector for

majority of the residents in Haryana. In 21st century, the state has also emerged as a major

industrial and IT hub with Gurgaon being the pioneer.8

6 S K Singh, “People of India-Vol XXIII”, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 1994. 7 D. C. Verma & Sukhbir Singh, Op.cit. 8 Industrial Policy- 2011, Haryana

39

Transport

The Transport Department of Haryana is committed to provide safe, efficient and economical

transport services by an established network of buses, trains and other modes. Haryana roadways

is one of the state run economical transport. At present, the roadway has 24 depots, 13 sub-

depots and 38, 00 buses (as on 30/11/2013). The state is also well connected with the rail

network.

Socio-Cultural background

About 88.23% of the population in Haryana is Hindus, followed by Sikhs 5.54%, “Muslims 4.05

% and Christians 0.10 %. Hindus are divided into a number of castes like Jats, Brahmins, Ahirs,

Gujars, Aggarwals, Arora, Khatris, Sainins, Rajputs and Rors. Amongst all, the Jats have a

preeminent position in Haryana state, being the largest group. Muslims population mainly resides

in the Mewat district and Yamuna Nagar district.”9

Education

Education is the cornerstone of development and the state govt. has introduced various

programmes to make „Education For All‟ a reality. Special attention is given to the required

academic, learning and infrastructural facilities and easy access to all.

School Administration in Haryana

Haryana state has a well-established network of educational institutions at all levels. Be it,

primary school, high school, technical institutes or higher education institutes. Educational

structure of the state is based on the national education pattern of 10+2+3 level. This pattern

consists 8 years of elementary education, two-two years of secondary and senior secondary

education respectively. The pattern of school education prevalent in the state is as follows:

Primary school education from I to V class.

Middle school education from VI to VIII class or from I to VIII class.

High school education from VI to X or from I to X class.

Senior Secondary school education from VI to XII class or I to XII class.

9 Simran Singh, Amandeep Singh & Gagandeep Singh, op.cit.

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Regarding the total numbers of different types of government schools, total number of teachers

working in them and students studied, the data is mentioned below in the table:

Table 2.3

Number of Govt. Schools in Haryana

Type of Schools No. of Schools

Primary Schools 437

Middle Schools 98

Secondary Schools 111

Senior Secondary Schools 98

Total 744

Source: Flash Statistics: 2013-14 - DISE.

One of the notable steps by the Education Department of Haryana is the opening of 100 new

schools under National Vocational Educational Qualification Framework (NVEQF) scheme in

2013-14. Besides it, the Education Department has also established Aarohi Models schools with

functional computer labs in 36 educationally backwards blocks.

Table 2.4

Number of Teachers in Haryana (as on 30 September, 2013)

Types of Schools No. of Teachers

Secondry Schools 50748


Total 77351


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Table 2.5

Number of Students in Haryana (as on 30 September, 2013)

Types of Schools No. of Students

Secondry Schools 848254


Total 1473038


School Education

The Department of School Education, Haryana has initiated many steps for the betterment of

school education. Some of them are mentioned below:

In Haryana; a primary school is available to a child within a radius of 1.03 km, a high

school within 1.52 km and a senior secondary school within 2.28 km.

The Govt. is providing various scholarships under different schemes such as Rajiv

Gandhi Scholarship Scheme. For this scheme, total number of 409.10 lakhs students has

been targeted for the year 2013-14.

Under Mid- Day- Meal Scheme, the importance to personal hygiene amongst students

has been promoted. For this purpose, 6, 860 Self Help groups have been given necessary

training in the year 2013-14.

Under the Right to Education (RTE) Act of Haryana, various benefits including free

uniforms, school bags, reimbursement of fees, etc. have been given to the students by the

Department of Elementary Education, Haryana. For activity based learning, the state

govt. has introduced the Class Readiness Programme under RTE.10

For the first time, a notable innovation called „Shiksha Setu‟ cards are issued to the

students which contains information on the educational and financial entitlement of the

children. These cards would act as an information tool for parents.

10 12th Five Year Planning (FYP) Report (2012-17), Government of Haryana.

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Higher Education

The Department of Higher Education has introduced various initiatives both in terms of

quality and quantity. It is apparent from the fact that Haryana govt. has increased the

budget allocation for higher education from 927.58 crores in 2012-13 to 1,097.70 crores

in 2013-14.

The state govt. has opened 7 new arts and commerce govt. colleges in 2013-14.

Various schemes and programmes to improve the quality of existing higher education

institutions have been introduced. These programmes include „Centre of Excellence,‟

„Human Resource Development,‟ Educational and Excursion Tours,‟ „Compulsory

Computer Training,‟ etc.

Technical Education

The Department of Technical Education is responsible for providing technical manpower.

For this purpose, the Department is committed for planned and sustainable development

of technical education. The number of technical institutions in the state has been

increased to 639 in 2013-14 and their intake capacity has also risen to 1, 44,165 students.

Department of School Education, Haryana

In Haryana, the Department of School Education is headed by the Education Minister of the state

and supervised by the Principal Secretary. The Department is responsible for the management of

school education in the state. This Department has been formed after merging two separate

departments named Secondary Education Department and Primary Education Department. An

organogram for the Department of School Education is presented below:

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Figure 2.1

Organogram of Department of School Education, Haryana

Source: http://www.schooleducationharyana.gov.in/downloads_pdf/Circullers/admin_setup.pdf

Haryana state has its own education policy, 2000 for the betterment in the field of education. But

with new emerging trends, there is a need to reorient and revised the current Educational Policy

with a new and planned manner.11

Our study covered two districts of Haryana which are Jind and Rohtak.

2.2 JIND DISTRICT

Jind district derived its name from the historical town Jaintapuri. “It is also said that this town

had been founded at the time of Mahabharata. According to an old saying, the Pandavas built a

temple in honour of JaintiDevi (the goddess of victory), offered prayers for success, and then

11Education Policy –2000 For the State of Haryana.

DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION

Education Minister

Financial Commisioner and Principal Secretary to Govt.of Haryana, School Education Department

DIRECTORATE OF SECONDRY EDUCATION

SCERT

DIET GETTI

D.E.O

DIRECTORATE OF ELEMENTRY EDUCATION

D.E.E.O

STATE PROJECT DIRECTOR (SSA/RMSA)

DPC.

D.E.O./B.R.C

ALL SCHOOLS

BOARD OF SCHOOL

EDUCATION

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launched the battle with the Kauravas. The town grew up around the temple and was named

Jaintapuri (abode of Jainti Devi) which later on came to be known as Jind.”12

Area & Location

The total area of Jind is 3,606 sq. Km. The population density in the district is 1,190 per sq. km.

The district lies in the northern part of Haryana. The longitude of Jind is between 75 º 53' and 76º

47' East and the latitude is between 29º 03' and 29º 51' North.

Geography

On “East and North-East lie the districts of Panipat, Karnal and Kaithal respectively. Its

boundary line on the North forms the inter-state Haryana- Punjab border with Patiala and

Sangurar districts of Punjab. In the West and South-West, it has a common boundary with

district Hisar & Fatehabad and in its South and South-East lies the district of Rohtak and Sonipat

respectively”. 13


For administrative purposes, the district is divided into three sub- divisions which include Jind,

Narwana, Safidon. Further, these sub-divisions are divided into tehsils. Jind sub-division has Jind

and Julana tehsil. Safidon and Narwana have one- one tehsil i.e. Safidon and Narwana

respectively. Besides this, the district has five Vidan Sabha Constituencies which includes Jind,

Safidon, Julana, Narwana and Uchana Kalan.

Demographic Profile

As per Census, 2011, Jind‟s total population is 13.34 lakhs . The total male population in Jind is

713,006 and female population is 621,146. Whereas as per Census, 2001, the total population is

11.89 lakhs. Average literacy rate in 2011 is 71.44 which is a slight increased from 62.1 in the

year 2001. Like others states and districts, Jind also has more male literates which are 80.81

while female literates are 60.76.

12 Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind as visited on 11/10/2014, 4:45 p.m. 13 Jind District Gazzette, 1986.

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Table 2.6

Demographic Profile of Jind 14

Description 2011

Approximate Population 13.34 Lakh

Male 713,006

Female 621,146

Population Growth 12.13%

Area Sq.Km 2,702

Density/km2 494

Proportion to Haryana Population 5.26%

Sex Ratio (Per 1000) 871

Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) 838

Average Literacy 71.44

Male Literacy 80.81

Female Literacy 60.76


School Education

Jind district has a good numbers of schools as it has 437 primary schools, 98 middle level

schools, 111 high level schools and 98 senior secondary schools as on 6th

March, 2014.

Table 2.7

Number of Govt. Schools in Jind (as on 06 March, 2014)


Primary Schools 437

Middle Schools 98



Total 744

Source: DEO office, Jind.

14 Census of India, 2011, op.cit.

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2.3 ROHTAK DISTRICT

Rohtak district derived its name from the Rohtashgarh.15

The district has made tremendous

progress in the past especially in the area of industrialization, urbanization, change in occupation

structure and diversification in agriculture.

Area & Location

The district is located in the southeastern part of Haryana state with total area of 1668 sq. km.

The location of the district is between the 29º 18' North latitude and 75º 13' East longitude.

Geography

Rohatk is “bordered by Sonepat in north-east and Jind districts in the north, Jhajjar District in the

South, Hisar district in the north-west and Bhiwani in the West. Due to proximity to National

capital, the developmental activities are taking place very rapidly. The district is situated on the

National Highway No. 10 leading from Delhi to Hisar.”16


For the administrative purpose, Rohtak district is divided into two tehsils named Meham and

Rohtak. These two tehsils has been further divided into community development blocks. Rohtak

tehsil has three developmental blocks which are Rohtak, Kalanaur and Sampla. While, Meham

tehsil has two development blocks i.e. Meham and Lakhan Majra. These development blocks are

further divided into different villages.17

The details of the administrative structure of Rohtak with

its villages per community blocks is presented below in the table:

15 Rohtak District Gazetter, 1970. 16 Retrieved from shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/.../10_chapter%203.pdf as visited on 04/12/2014,

05:15 p.m. 17 Statistical Abstract Year Book (2012-13), Department of Economics and Statistical Analysis, Haryana.

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Table 2.8

Administrative Setup of Rohtak

District Tehsil Development Block Villages

Rohtak

Meham Meham 26

Lakhan Majra 18

Rohtak

Rohtak 34

Kalanaur 42

Sampla 23

Demographic Profile

According to Census, 2011, the total population of Rohtak is 10.61 Lakhs. Out of which,

568,479 are male and 492,725 are females. Whereas as per Census, 2011 , the total population

was 940,128. Average literacy rate in 2011 is 80.22 which include 87.65 males and 71.72

females respectively. 18

Table 2.9

Demographic Profile of Rohtak

Description 2011

Approximate Population 10.61 Lakhs

Male 568,479

Female 492,725


Area Sq. Km 1,745

Density/km2 608

Proportion to Haryana Population 4.19%

Sex Ratio 867

Child Sex Ratio(0-6) 820

Average Literacy Rate 80.22

Male Literacy 87.65



18 Census of India, 2011, op.cit.

48

School Education

Rohtak is considered as education hub of Haryana state. The district has total 431 govt. schools

which include 233 primary schools, 36 middle schools, 46 high schools and 116 senior

secondary schools.

Table 2.10

Number of Govt. Schools in Rohtak (as on 06 March, 2014)


Primary Schools 233

Middle Schools 36



Total 431

Source: DEO office, Rohtak

School education upto 12th

class is a terminal phase in the life of majority students as it acts as

preparatory stage for higher education. In pursuance of these objectives, the state govt. of

Haryana has converted many high schools to the senior secondary schools.

2.4 DELHI

Delhi also pronounced as Dilli is the capital territory of India. It symbolizes India which is

growing rapidly. Delhi is the 4th

largest city in the world and 2nd

most populated city in India. In

the words of late Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru, "Delhi is the symbol of old India and new.

Even the stones here whisper to our ears of the ages of long ago and the air we breathe is full of

the dust and fragrances of the past, as also of the fresh and piercing winds of the present.”19

19Retrieved from www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/ as visited on 05/01/2015, 5:12 p.m.

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Historical Background

Historically, Delhi had always remained politically important region as many successive

dynasties have chosen it as their capital during the duration of 13th

and 17th

centuries. “Study

from the Archaeological Survey of India reveals that Delhi was the capital of seven empires in

Indian history and has over 60,0000 recognized monuments built over several millennia.”20

Regarding different succession, Mughal empire ruled Delhi for a long time starting with the

dynasty of Qutab-ub-din to Khiljis, Tughlaqs . After then, Delhi came under the power of the

British Empire in 1803 AD. But in 1911, when Britishers shifted their seat of power from

Calcutta to Delhi. At that time only, Delhi got its much influential political status which

remained the same even after the independence in 1947. Delhi became the capital of Indian

republic in the same year 1947 and with the independence a kind of autonomy was provided to

the capital but it largely remained under the authority of Chief Commissioner.21

Formation

With the creation of Delhi as Union Territory in the year 1956, the post of Chief Commissioner

was replaced by a new post of a Lt. Governor within the same year. After then, in 1991 Indian

parliament passed the National Capital Territory Act. With this act, a system of diarchy was

introduced in Delhi. Under this system, the elected govt. of Delhi region was provided wide

powers in all areas; except law and order which still remains in the hands of the Central govt.

Under the 69th

Constitutional amendment, 1991, the National Capital Territory (NCT) and the

urban region of Delhi was provided the specific status of National Capital Region (NCR). This

region includes the neighboring cities of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and other nearby

town. Today, the political administration of Delhi is almost similar to a state of Indian union. As,

it has its own legislature, executive council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister and High

Court. The special political feature about Delhi is that it is jointly administered by the Central

govt. of India and the local govt. of Delhi.

20 Narayani Gupta, “Delhi Between Two Empires, 1803-1931”, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998, ISBN

:0195641027 21 H.K. Kaul, “Historic Delhi: An Anthology”, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN :0195639251

50


For administrative purpose, Delhi has been divided into nine districts. The head of the each

district is Deputy Commissioner. Further, each district is divided into three sub-divisions. So,

there are total 27 sub- divisions in the entire Delhi. The head of the sub-division is Sub-

Divisional Magistrate. On 16th

July, 2012, the Govt. of Delhi had increased the number of

districts from 9 to 11.22

Table 2.11

List of Districts of Delhi with their Sub-Divisions

Districts and Sub-divisions in Delhi

Districts Sub-Divisions

Central Delhi Daryaganj Pahar Ganj Karol Bagh

North Delhi Sadar Bazaar Kotwali Civil Lines

South Delhi Kalkaji Defence Colony Hauz Khas

East Delhi Gandhi Nagar Preet Vihar Vivek Vihar

North-East Delhi Seelampur Shahdra Seema Puri

Delhi Vasant Vihar Najafgarh Delhi Cantonment

New Delhi Connaught Place Parliament Street Chanakya Puri

Delhi Saraswati Vihar Narela Model Town

West Delhi Patel Nagar Punjabi Bagh Dwarka

Demographic Profile

Since ages, Delhi has remains one of the most populated city in India. According to the Census,

2011, the population of Delhi is approximately 1.68 crores which is a slight increase from the

1.39 crores total population in Census, 2001. Total male population is 8,987,326 and female

population is 7,800,615 respectively. The literacy rate of Delhi has shown tremendous progress

from 81.67 in 2001 to 86.21 in 2011. Of that, male literacy is at 90.94 % in 2011 while female

literacy is at 68.85%.

22 R. Gupta, “Delhi: General Knowledge”, Ramesh Publishing House, New Delhi, 2015, p-78-79.

51

Table 2.12

Demographic Profile of Delhi

Description 2011

Approximate Population 1.68 Crores

Male 8,987,326

Female 7,800,615


Sex Ratio 868

Child Sex Ratio 871

Density/km2 11,320

Area km2 1,483

Literacy 86.21%

Male Literacy 90.94%

Female Literacy 68.85%

Source: Census of India, 2011.

Location

Delhi is the northern Indian state. The latitudes is between 28°-24‟-17” and 28°-53‟-00” North

and longitudes is between 76°-50‟-24” and 77°-20‟-37” East. Delhi shares its boundaries with

Haryana and Uttar Pradesh in the west and east respectively. The ISOCODE for Delhi which is

assigned by the International Organization for Standardization is DL.

Area

In the terms of area, Delhi is the largest city in the Indian union .The total area of Delhi is 1,484

sq. km. Out of which, 783 sq km. comes under rural area and 77 sq. km. under the urban area.23

Geography

The physiography of Delhi includes following segments:

The River Yamuna flood plains: It is very fertile, sandy and rich in alluvial soil.

This area is also called Khadar.

The Ridge: it is located in the north-west and west part of the city.

23 “Delhi Berlitz Pckt GD (Berlitz Pocket Guides)”, ,Berlitz Publishing,,2006, ISBN-13: 978-9812467966

52

The Plains: Besides the area covered by the Yamuna flood plains and the Ridge, rest

area of the city is categorized as the Plain or Bangar area. This area is also very fertile in

nature.

Climate

The climate of Delhi is typically a humid sub-tropical climate which is extremely cold in winter

season and terribly hot in summer season. The winter season begins in November and lasts till

February. Whereas the summer season starts from April and remains till July. The monsoon

arrives in Delhi in July and remains till the month of September. The average annual rainfall of

Delhi region is 714 mm.

Minerals

Delhi is not rich in minerals resources. However, a deposit of building making material

comprising sand, stone and bajri is available in some regions. Due to environmental

considerations, the stone extractions in the ridge area have been closed since 1984.

Economic Scenario

The economy of Delhi has made remarkable growth since the last few years. As per the 5th

Economic Census, 2005, Delhi was ranked 16th

in the All India ranking in terms of numbers of

establishments. Major economic activity undertaken in Delhi is in retail (48.9%), followed by

manufacture (18.19%) and community, social, personal services and other activities (9.99%).

Delhi has 29 planned industrial area and 5 flatted factories complex. A new Industrial Policy for

Delhi was announced in 2010. Delhi does not have any major agriculture land except some

available in outskirts. The major crops yielded are wheat, gram, bajra and jowar.24

Transport Network

Delhi has excellent transport network facilities within the city area, to the other states and to the

world. The international connectivity is ensured through established networks of major airways

and the internal transport within the cities of India is done through domestic airlines, rails and

24 R. Gupta, Op.cit., p-123-127.

http://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/airports-in-delhi

http://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/new-delhi-railway-station

53

road services. The major mode of transportation within the city is Metro Rail which is

economical and time saving at the same time.

Socio-Cultural Background

Delhi's predominant religious faith is Hinduism which is 81% of the total population, “followed

by Islam (9.9%), Sikhism (5%), Jainism (1.1%), and others (1.2%). Punjabi & Hindi are the most

widely spoken languages in Delhi. English is the main written language of the city and the most

commonly used language for the official purposes. In addition to Hindi and English, Punjabi

with Gurmukhī alphabets and Urdu also have official language status in Delhi.”25

Education

Delhi is known as the Educational Hub of the country and students from almost all northern,

central, eastern states and also from other parts of the country as well as from a number of other

countries used to come here for studying in various educational institutions. Like Haryana, the

structure of education in Delhi follows a pattern of 10+2+3 education. The school education in

Delhi is provided in the following levels:

Pre-primary level for LKG and UKG classes.

Primary level for I to V classes.

Upper primary for VI to VIII classes.

High/ Secondary level for VI to X classes or I to X classes.

Senior Secondary level for VI to XII or I to XII classes.26

The responsibility for the management of education at every level is in the hands of different

bodies for each level. The detailed account is given below:

Pre-primary and primary level of education is the managed by the local bodies like MCD,

DCB and NDMC.

Middle, High/Senior and Senior Secondary level of education is managed by the

Directorate of Education, Delhi.27

25 Retrieved from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi as visited on 12/10/ 2014, 10:56a.m. 26 Deepa Tomer, “Government And Private Schools: A Study Of Schooling Quality In Delhi”, Lap Lambert

Academic Publishing , 2014.

http://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/buses-in-delhi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu

54

Detail about the number of government schools and teachers working in them and students

studied is given below in the table:

Table 2.13

Number of Govt. School in Delhi (as on 23 March, 2014)


Govt. Schools 924

Govt. Aided 221

MCD Schools 1750

MCD Aided 44

DCB 8

KVS 42

NDMC Schools 82

Total 3071

Source: www.delhi.govt.in

Table 2.14

Numbers of Teachers in Delhi (as on 30 September, 2013)

Types of Schools No. of Teachers



Total 45930

Source: Flash Statistics: 2013-14 - DISE

27 R. S. Tyagi , “Educational administration in Delhi: Structures, processes, and future prospects”, Unknown

Binding, 2000.

http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Publications/Publication2013-14/FlashBook2013-14.pdf

55

Table 2.15

Numbers of Students in Delhi (as on 30 September, 2013)

Types of Schools No. of Students



Total 1243486

Source: Flash Statistics: 2013-14 - DISE

Education

In 2010 there “were 5043 schools in Delhi which includes 2636 Pre-Primary and Primary

Schools, 583 Middle Schools, 1824 Secondary / Sr. Secondary Schools with enrolment of

37.39 lakhs children being taught by 1.10 lakhs teachers. Out of total number of 5043

Schools, 2666 were Govt. Schools and 2377 Private Schools.”28

For higher education, “Delhi has 160 Colleges that includes 83 Delhi University

Colleges, 77 Colleges affiliated with GGSIP University.

In professional and technical education, the state includes 107 Degree and PG level

Professional and Technical Education Institutions affiliated to GGSIP University, Delhi

University and other Universities.”29

12th

Five Year Plan (FYP) on Education

Delhi govt. has started various programmes to improvise the status of education in Govt.

schools. The outcomes are clearly visible from the results of Secondary and Sr.

Secondary CBSE Exams.

The literacy gap between male and female in the state is matter of concern. It was of

about 13% in 2001 and it continued with 10% in 2011. Cost of higher education is a big

issue. Subsidizing higher education for the targeted low income group has been worked

out.

28 An Approach to 12th Five Year Plan(2012-17), Department of Planning, Government of NCT of Delhi, India, p-

66. 29 Ibid, p-66.

http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Publications/Publication2013-14/FlashBook2013-14.pdf

56

There is a plan to create a Forum to boost-up continuous interaction between Universities

and schools academic staff for exchange of ideas, new technology, teaching methods and

feed-back for a comprehensive development of the entire Education Sector.

School Administration in Delhi

The Directorate of Education, Govt. of Delhi is the main body which sees the educational affairs

in Delhi region. Schools in Delhi are either run by a govt. organizations or a private sector.

For administrative purpose, the Directorate of Education has divided the Delhi region into 12

districts with their total 28 zones. Each district consists one or more zone. The main supervising

authority for the district is District Education officer (DEO) and for the zone is Zonal Education

Officer (ZEO).

Directorate of Education, Government of Delhi

The Directorate of Education, Delhi works with a vision to make Delhi a fully literate region and

for this purpose, the main attention is provided to impart a qualitative education for all the

children. The head office of the Directorate of Education is situated in the Old Secretariat, New

Delhi. The Directorate has various sub-offices including the office of Regional Directors, Deputy

Directors Offices and other.

Figure 2.2

Organogram of Directorate of Education, Delhi

Principal Secretary of Education

Director of Education

Spl.

Dir. Of

Educati

on

(Fin.)

1

1. Dy.

Controller

of

Accounts

2.

Acctt

s.

Offic

er

(Cash

)

3.

Acctts

Office

r

(Audit

/Grant

-in-

aid)

4.

Acctts

Officer

(Pensio

n & Pay

Fixatio

n)

5.

Acctts

Officer

(Budge

t/House

Buildin

g

Advanc

e)

6.

DDE

(Land

&

Estate

)

7.

AD

E:-

A-

Vocat

ional

Br.

B-

Legis

lative

Work

C-

VK

S

D-

Com

puter

Educ

ation

Progr

amm

e

57

Addl.

Dir. Of

Educati

on

(Admn.

)

2

i) DDE

(HQ)

ii)

ADE:

-

A-

Gazett

ed

Office

r's Cell

B- Estt-

I

C-Estt-

II

D-

Estt.-

III

E-

Estt

. IV

F-

Vigil

ance

G-

Litig

ation

H-

Post

Fix

atio

n

Cell

I- IT

Br.)

Addl.

Dir. Of

Educati

on

(School

)

3

i) DDE

(School/Sc

holarship)

ii)

DDE

(Popu

lation

Edmn

.

Cell)

iii)

ADE

(Welfa

re)

iv)

OSD

(Exami

nation)

v)

DDE:-

A-

IEDC

B-

Sci

enc

e

C-

Patra

char

Vidh

yalay

a

Addl.

Dir. Of

Educati

on

(Act/Se

ctt.)

4

i) ADE:- A-

Act

B- RTI

(HQ)

ii)

Superin

tendent:

A-

Inspect

ion

B-

Coord

inatio

n

Addl.

Dir.of

Educati

on

(Sports

)

5

i) Project

Director

(Ghevra)

ii)

ADE

(Spor

ts)

State

Project

Directo

r

6

i)

Accounts

Officer

(UEEM)

ii)

DIET

iii) Sr.

Lect.

iv) Jr.

Lect.

Directo

r

SCERT

7

i) Jt. Dir. ii)

DIET

iii) Sr.

Lect.

iv) Jr.

Lect.

Region

al

Directo

r

(North)

8

i) DDE-

North-

West-A

ii)

DDE-

North

West-

B

Region

al

Directo

r (East)

9

i) DDE-

East

ii)

DDE-

North

East

Region

al

Directo

r

(South)

1

0

i) DDE-

South

ii)

DDE-

SW-

A

iii)

DDE-

SW-B

58

Region

al

Directo

r

(Centra

l/West)

1

1

i) DDE-

Central/Ne

w Delhi

ii)

DDE-

West-

A

iii)

DDE-

West-

B

iv)

DDE-

North

Source http://www.edudel.nic.in/welcome_folder/17_manuals_dt_081008/69-2.pdf

The educational progress in Delhi is remarkable with a high literacy rate, easy access to

improved educational facilities and high enrolment rate. High school administration has also

received quantitative expansion in terms of numbers of schools. But the biggest loopholes in the

Delhi education system is the multiplicity of institutions involved in providing education.

The study covered two districts of Delhi which are Central Delhi and West Delhi district.

2.5 CENTRAL DELHI

It is the administrative district of Delhi and its significance lies in its ancient past. It is housing

seat of the Govt. of India and homes to the famous Rashtrapati Bhavan, India Gate and Raj Path.

Area

The total area of Central Delhi district is 25 sq. km. and it is the 9th

largest district amongst all

the districts of Delhi30

.

Geography

“The District of Central Delhi is bounded by the Yamuna River on the east with the other eight

districts of the city surrounding this region respectively. It is surrounded by the districts of North

Delhi to the north, West Delhi and South West Delhi to the west, New Delhi to the south, and

East Delhi to the east across the Yamuna.”31


Administratively, Central Delhi district is divided into 3 sub-divisions which are Darya Ganj,

Pahar Ganj and Karol Bagh. The main supervising authority in the district is Deputy

30 Retrieved from en,Wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Delhi as visited on 24/01/2014, 09:12 pm 31.Ibid.

59

Commissioner. The Deputy Commissioners of the Central District reports to Divisional

Commissioner. He is the supervising officer who guides and facilitates the work routine and also

acts the head of the Revenue Department at the district level. After then, there is a long list of

hierarchical level which includes Tehsildars, Sub- Registrar, Sub- Divisional Magistrates and

Additional District Magistrate.

Demographic Profile

According to the Census, 2011, the total population of the district is 5.82 lakhs which included

307, 821 males and 274, 499 females respectively. Whereas in 2001, the total population was

6.46 lakhs. Average literacy rate in 2011 is 85.14 %. Out of which, total male literates are 87.5

and female literates are 82.49.32

Table 2.16

Demographic Profile of Central Delhi

Description 2011

Approximate Population 5.82 Lakhs

Male 307,821

Female 274,499


Area Sq. Km 21

Density/km2 27,730

Proportion to Delhi Population 3.47%

Sex Ratio 892



Male Literacy 87.5



School Education

In Central Delhi district, there are mainly three kinds of government schools functioned which

includes KVS, MCD and govt. schools.

32 Census of India, 2011, Op.cit.

60

Table 2.17

Number of Govt. Schools in Central Delhi (as on 23 March, 2014)


Govt. Schools 41

Govt. Aided 63

MCD Schools 237

MCD Aided 21

DCB 0

KVS 0

NDMC Schools 0

Total 362


The numbers indicates that the MCD schools are the largest in number amongst all the types of

schools in Central Delhi district.

2.6 WEST DELHI

West Delhi district is one of the significant districts in Delhi region specially in handling the

administration.

Area

The total area covered by West Delhi district is 129 sq. km. and it is the 4th

largest district

amongst all the districts of Delhi.

Geography

West Delhi is bounded by North-West Delhi from the north, by North Delhi and Central Delhi in

the east, by South-West Delhi in the south and Jhajjar districts of the Haryana in the west.

61


For administrative purposes, West Delhi is divided into 3 sub-divisions which include Patel

Nagar, Punjabi Bagh and Rajouri Garden. “The main head of West Delhi is the Deputy

Commissioner, who looks after the essential administrative functions of the district. Like all the

other Deputy Commissioners, he too reports to the Divisional Commissioner as a rule. The office

of the Additional District Magistrate of West Delhi is situated in Rampura's Lawrence Road. The

office of the Deputy Commissioner of West Delhi, shares the same address.”33

Demographic Profile

According to the Census of India, 2011, the total population of West Delhi district is 25.43 lakhs

which includes 1,356,240 males and 1,187,003 females respectively. Whereas the total

population in 2001 was 21.29 lakhs. The average literacy rate is 86.9. Out of them, 91 are males

and 82.39 are females. “It is ranked 4th

in terms of literacy rate out of total 9 districts of Delhi

and 169th

out of total 640 districts of India.”34

Table 2.18

Demographic Profile of West Delhi

Description 2011

Actual Population 25.43 Lakh

Male 1,356,240

Female 1,187,003


Area Sq. Km 130

Density/km2 19,563

Proportion to Delhi Population 15.15%

Sex Ratio 875



Male Literacy 91



33 Retrived from http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/disricts/west0delhi as visited on 15/01/2015, 4:40 pm. 34 Ibid.

62

School Education

West Delhi district also has three kinds of school functioned in its area. Amongst all, here also

MCD schools have well-established school network as compared to the other type of government

school.

Table 2.19

Number of Govt. Schools in West Delhi (as on 23 March, 2014)


Govt. Schools 122

Govt. Aided 20

MCD Schools 177

MCD Aided 2

DCB 0

KVS 4

NDMC Schools 0

Total 325


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