Chapter 29

Axis AlliesGermany United States

Italy England

Japan France

Soviet Union

Lean LeaseMoney used for:

1st peacetime draftShipsPlanesAide for Britain

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

So what happen, really?

1. Japan invades Indo-China (Viet Nam, Cambodia)

2. U.S. protests move and stops trade with Japan

3. Now Japan has no way to get much needed oil,

the U.S. blocks them

Japan: not happy campers!Attack on Pearl Harbor

In 2 hours time:

Battleship Oklahoma sinks- all 415 drown Arizona sinks- 1000 dead 19 ships in all are sunk or damaged 149 planes All most ½ of Navy fleet

Total dead: 2,400

One thing leads to another

FDR speaks to U.S.

Congress declares war

Axis declares war on U.S.

The War in Europe

48 Countries fight with the Allies starting in North Africa

November 1942 100,000 allied troops Goal: Capture Afrika Korps led by Desert Fox-

General Edwin RommelMay 1942 Afrika Korps surrenders

On to Italy

Across the Mediterranean Sea

Sicily falls to AlliesNow the hard part: fighting over mountains

Italy surrenders, but Germany will not. Fighting continues in Italy for 2 more years

Russia verses Germany

The Battle of Stalingrad• Germany reach Stalingrad summer 1942• Bombing goes on nonstop, Germans surround city Russians hold out, winter starts Russians now surround the Germans Germany surrenders Stalingrad Cost? 1,250,000 Russians die

D-DAYJune 6, 1944176,000 troops4,000 land craft600 warships11,000 planes Largest combined land- sea operation in history

1. Bombing French coast2. Parachute behind enemy lines3. Land on beach

Many Deaths

2 weeks later- millions of Allied troops head inland

A Horrible Discovery:Concentration Camps

Jews Gypsies Poles

Holocaust

11 million die more then ½ of the European Jews

APRIL 30, 1945V-E DAY

The War in the PacificBy Sept of 1942- Japan controls 1/7

of earth Midway Island- May 1942- Japan heads to Midway

for an invasionPurpose- perfect set-up to invade Hawaii Result- United States hits Japan’s fleet: Japan loses 4 aircraft carriers, 322 planes

AFTER MIDWAY“Island hopping”

Allies head to Japan, one island at a timeStart with easy to take islands- set up bases-disrupt

Japan supply line.Unintended consequence-Starved out lots of Japanese on the island

Worked but was NOT easy!

OKINAWA

Final obstacle between final invasion of Japan

40,000 U.S. dead/hurt 100,00 Japanese dead

KAMIKAZE

DIVINE WIND Named for a legendary storm that saved Japan from invasion in 1281

Japan’s act of desperation

Killed over 5,000 seaman

Atomic BombManhattan Project

1st tested July 1945 (3 months after FDR dies)Hiroshima

Nagasaki 100,000 die 70,000 die Japan surrenders

Enola GayWAS IT WORTH IT?

Most Americans believe it save many

American lives.

What do you think?

August 1, 1945V-J Day

It’s all over……. Not really

YOU’RE IN THE ARMY NOW

Who served: Men, Women, Blacks, Whites, Native Americans, Japanese Americans, City folk, Farmers, Northerners, Southerners, West Coast, East Coast.

3 month basic training- designed to turn raw recruits into fighting team

A little less then ½ actually went overseas

Life as a Combat G.I.

Death, Noise, Isolation, Homesickness, Fear

Why Would Anyone DO This???PatriotismThe desire to help a buddy

War-time Government1. War Production Board transfer American factories into war making factories Banned production of nonessentialgoods ( like coat hangers) Nation wide collection driveFor recycling things into war time. Examples :Auto makers : tanks, jeeps, trucksShirt makers: mosquito netsRecycled goods:Iron, tin cans, paper, rags, cooking fat

2. War Labor BoardSet up to ensure no disruption of production- no worker

strikesExamples:1939- 6,000 planes1944- 96,000Shipbuilding cut from 8 months to 22 days2 years after Pearl Harbor- U.S. produces more

military equipment then all other Axis countries combined

War bonds

Sold to help

finance

the war

3. Office of War Information

Propaganda designed keep the public’s moral high

Any story must be read by government before publication

“Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without”

Office of Price Administration (OPA)Price controls- designed to avoid inflation

Rationing

Spam, Spam, SpamYUMMY !!!

Coupons + $ = buying goods

1) Meat- feed soldiers2) Sugarcane- gunpowder3) Coffee- ships for import used instead to ship militaryGoods.

Victory Gardens & Pocketless Pants

Everyone does their part by 1944, 20 million gardens

produce 1/3 of US vegetables

Steel used for weapons means no lawn mowers, bike, or hairpinsCloth used for uniforms means no pleats in ladies skirts, or pockets in men’s pants

Women during Wartime6 million women in the workforce:Welders electricians machinists police officers doctors taxi drivers railroad workers1944- 18 million workers (3 X as many as 1941… 6 million are women)

Women in the Military“Free a Man to Fight”Women fill non combat assignments:Radar operators armed guards translators code breakers test pilots flight instructors nurses

Japanese AmericansInternment Camps

120,000 Japanese Americans forced to leave homes on West Coast

WHY??Years of suspension gets worse after

Pearl HarborSent to U.S. deserts, barbed wire surrounded camps,

with no running water, and very over crowded.Still…. They serve: in the Pacific- as interpreters in Europe- 442nd Regiment (earned more medals

then any other brigade)

In 1988; $20,000 given to each interment camp survivor along with an apology!

FINALLY

African Americans

900,000 serve92nd Infantry- Buffaloes- won 200 medals99th Pursuit Squadron- Tuskegee Fliers

Dorie Miller

African Americans served mostly in non-combat roles in segregated

camps. Slowly it changes. By the end of the war, blacks and whites served

side by side on the same ships

Discrimination keeps Blacks out of factories, except as janitors

A. Phillip Randolph leads march on D.C. FDR forced to outlaw discrimination in defense

industry“ Hitler was the one that got us

out of white folks kitchens”

On the home front

Mexican Americans

Sgt. Jose Lopez“one-man army”

Congressional Medal of Army

500,000 ServeNo Segregation, but plenty of prejudice

Nevertheless: shown that there is life off of the farm

Bracero ProgramDesigned to bring Mexican

Americans to U.S. to help farmers

Many move to cities into “barrios” “ZOOT SUITS”

Long jackets, baggy suits

Jewish Americans

Between 1933-1941: Immigration limited to 100,000

Anti Semitism alive and well in U.S. 1942 news of death camps reach U.S. 400 Rabbi march on D.C. 1944 FDR creates War Refugee Board 200,000 Jew

are rescued in a few months time

Too little too late

Jewish Servicemen

A very personal reason to serve500,000 serve bigger % then Americans as a

whole2,000 decorated by war’s end

WW II Unites AmericaBut

Shows the divisions withinAmerica

Summary