chapter 28: revolution in russia 1917-1939. section1: two revolutions in russia setting in russia...

Chapter 28: Chapter 28: Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

1917-19391917-1939

Section1: Two Section1: Two Revolutions in RussiaRevolutions in Russia

Setting in Russia (1914)Setting in Russia (1914) The country is dominated by landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar.The country is dominated by landowning nobles, priests, and an autocratic czar. The autocratic czar (has absolute power) is Nicholas II of the Romanov Dynasty.The autocratic czar (has absolute power) is Nicholas II of the Romanov Dynasty. Most of the peasant population is lived a life of extreme poverty, and a small Most of the peasant population is lived a life of extreme poverty, and a small

working class (proletariat) emerged as Russia began to modernize.working class (proletariat) emerged as Russia began to modernize. Czars made many ineffective reforms, like setting up the Duma which had no real Czars made many ineffective reforms, like setting up the Duma which had no real

power.power. Russia’s involvement of WWI has strained its resources and economy; which led to Russia’s involvement of WWI has strained its resources and economy; which led to

public being unhappy and wanting to pull out of the war. public being unhappy and wanting to pull out of the war. In a patriotic gesture, Nicholas II went to visit his fighting soldiers, and left czarina In a patriotic gesture, Nicholas II went to visit his fighting soldiers, and left czarina

Alexandra in charge.Alexandra in charge. Public didn’t like the czarina because she was half German. She also came to Public didn’t like the czarina because she was half German. She also came to

depend on a self proclaimed “holy man” named Rasputin.depend on a self proclaimed “holy man” named Rasputin. Rasputin was eventually assassinated because nobles feared him having too much Rasputin was eventually assassinated because nobles feared him having too much

influence on the monarchy.influence on the monarchy.


Nicholas IINicholas II Last czar to rule Russia.Last czar to rule Russia. Didn’t want to limit his authority.Didn’t want to limit his authority. Relied on the use of secret police.Relied on the use of secret police. This reliance added to corruption in the This reliance added to corruption in the

government. government.


Collapse of the MonarchyCollapse of the Monarchy March 1917: disastrous battles, and food and fuel shortages on the home front.March 1917: disastrous battles, and food and fuel shortages on the home front. Workers went on strike in St. Petersburg and chanted “Bread, Bread”.Workers went on strike in St. Petersburg and chanted “Bread, Bread”. After, advice, the czar abdicated (gave up power)After, advice, the czar abdicated (gave up power) provisional government in power provisional government in power continued in war continued in war Revolutionaries plotted their own course: set up soviets (councils of workers and Revolutionaries plotted their own course: set up soviets (councils of workers and

soldiers).soldiers). BOLSHEVIKS( radical socialist group) TAKE CHARGEBOLSHEVIKS( radical socialist group) TAKE CHARGE First leader is VI Lenin.First leader is VI Lenin.


Lenin:Lenin: Adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russia.Adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russia. Russia didn’t have a large urban proletariat so Russia didn’t have a large urban proletariat so

Lenin called for an elite group to lead the Lenin called for an elite group to lead the Revolution.Revolution.

He was helped return from exile by Germany.He was helped return from exile by Germany. Promised “Peace, Land, and Bread”.Promised “Peace, Land, and Bread”. In a matter of days, Lenin’s forces overthrew the In a matter of days, Lenin’s forces overthrew the

provisional government.provisional government.


Russian Civil War:Russian Civil War: Lasted three years.Lasted three years. Red (Communists) vs. Whites (Counterrevolutionaries)Red (Communists) vs. Whites (Counterrevolutionaries) Both sides were extremely brutal.Both sides were extremely brutal. Whites tried to assassinate Lenin.Whites tried to assassinate Lenin. Reds organized the Cheka (secret police) and executed ordinary citizens and the Reds organized the Cheka (secret police) and executed ordinary citizens and the

Czar and his family so that they wouldn’t become a rallying symbol for counter Czar and his family so that they wouldn’t become a rallying symbol for counter revolutionaries.revolutionaries.

In 1921 the Communist prevailIn 1921 the Communist prevail Russia is left in chaos, and needs to rebuild the nation and the economyRussia is left in chaos, and needs to rebuild the nation and the economy

Section2: From Lenin to Section2: From Lenin to StalinStalin

1922 CONSTITUTION1922 CONSTITUTION Elected Legislature called the Supreme Soviet.Elected Legislature called the Supreme Soviet. all political power and means of production controlled by peasants and workers, but all political power and means of production controlled by peasants and workers, but

in reality the Communist Party was in control.in reality the Communist Party was in control. use of army and secret police to enforce the party’s will.use of army and secret police to enforce the party’s will. New plan (NEP) allowed a little bit of capitalism so that the Soviet Union could New plan (NEP) allowed a little bit of capitalism so that the Soviet Union could

boost its economy. It was only temporary because Lenin wanted to put the USSR boost its economy. It was only temporary because Lenin wanted to put the USSR back on the road to “pure communistm.back on the road to “pure communistm.

1924 Lenin Dies 1924 Lenin Dies Trotsky and Stalin fight for power, Trotsky and Stalin fight for power, Stalin isolated Trotsky by using political cunning and isolating Trotsky Stalin isolated Trotsky by using political cunning and isolating Trotsky fled the fled the

country but was later killed by Stalinist Agents.country but was later killed by Stalinist Agents.


Five Year Plan:Five Year Plan: included : building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm included : building heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm

out put.out put. Developed a command economy, where the gov’t made all economic decisions.Developed a command economy, where the gov’t made all economic decisions. Industry:Industry: Set high production goals, and pushed workers by giving them bonuses if they Set high production goals, and pushed workers by giving them bonuses if they

succeeded and punishments if they didn’t. This led to an increase in oil, steel, and succeeded and punishments if they didn’t. This led to an increase in oil, steel, and coal production, but peasants lives didn’t improve and standard of living remained coal production, but peasants lives didn’t improve and standard of living remained poor. Also there were low wages, and consumer goods were scarce. poor. Also there were low wages, and consumer goods were scarce.

Agriculture: Agriculture: Under government control, and told peasants that they could either live on state Under government control, and told peasants that they could either live on state

owned farms, or live on collectives. owned farms, or live on collectives. Resistance of collectivization led to the killing of farm animals, destroying of crops Resistance of collectivization led to the killing of farm animals, destroying of crops

and tools, and let to extreme starvation.and tools, and let to extreme starvation. increased Stalin’s control, and did not improve farm output.increased Stalin’s control, and did not improve farm output.


The Great Purge:The Great Purge: Began in 1934Began in 1934 Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him.Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him. Cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, or party activists from the early days.Cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, or party activists from the early days. replaced with young party members that owed absolute loyalty to him.replaced with young party members that owed absolute loyalty to him. Increased Stalin’s power, and showed the danger of disloyalty.Increased Stalin’s power, and showed the danger of disloyalty.


Foreign Policy:Foreign Policy: Organized Communist International or Comintern.Organized Communist International or Comintern. aided revolutionary groups to rebel around the world.aided revolutionary groups to rebel around the world. This made Western Powers suspicous because the USSR encouraged colonized This made Western Powers suspicous because the USSR encouraged colonized

nations to rebel against imperialist nations.nations to rebel against imperialist nations. Wanted to join the league of Nations to improve relations for trade and diplomacy. Wanted to join the league of Nations to improve relations for trade and diplomacy.

Section3: Life in a Section3: Life in a Totalitarian StateTotalitarian State

Totalitarian State= govt in in which a one party Totalitarian State= govt in in which a one party dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspects dictatorship attempts to regulate every aspects of citizens lives.of citizens lives.

Use of secret police, censorship, terror, and Use of secret police, censorship, terror, and violence led to fear of the government and violence led to fear of the government and obedience to the govt. obedience to the govt.

Used a combination of propaganda and Used a combination of propaganda and technology: used radios, loud speakers, technology: used radios, loud speakers, movies and theaters to preach the success of movies and theaters to preach the success of communism and criticize capitalism.communism and criticize capitalism.

This helped to revive pride of Russia in This helped to revive pride of Russia in citizens.citizens.

Also made atheism the official policy of the Also made atheism the official policy of the state, and replaced religion with communist state, and replaced religion with communist ideology.ideology.


Benefits:Benefits: Free educationFree education Free medical careFree medical care Free day careFree day care Inexpensive housingInexpensive housing Public transportationPublic transportation RecreationRecreation

VS NegativesNegatives Standard of living still Standard of living still

remained LOWremained LOW Industrial growth led to Industrial growth led to

migration to the cities migration to the cities and caused scarce and caused scarce housing.housing.


ArtsArts Artwork was controlled by the stateArtwork was controlled by the state Social realism- showed soviet life in a glorified way Social realism- showed soviet life in a glorified way

through artthrough art ARTS< BOOKS< MUSIC< FILM= ALL CENSOREDARTS< BOOKS< MUSIC< FILM= ALL CENSORED

WomenWomen Won equality under lawWon equality under law Needed to work because men had such low wagesNeeded to work because men had such low wages Motherhood= patriotic dutyMotherhood= patriotic duty Stalin’s total Stalin’s total

control=NO control=NO PERSONAL RIGHTS.PERSONAL RIGHTS.

chapter 28: revolution in russia 1917-1939. section1: two revolutions in russia setting in russia...

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