Chapter 28 Art between the Wars

28.1 The Entombment of the Birds and Butterflies Jean Arp Also known as the Head of Tzara 1916-1917 Painted wood relief The different shapes were determined by doodling on paper Had carpenters cut these shapes out of wood, which he painted and assembled into abstract compositions evoking plant and animal forms as well as clouds, cosmic gases, and celestial bodies Then he titled the pieces

28.2 Fountain 1917 Marcel Duchamp. The scandalous work was a porcelain urinal signed "R.Mutt" the company that manufactured the urinal Submitted for the exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in 1917, Fountain was rejected by the committee, even though the rules stated that all works would be accepted from artists who paid the fee. Fountain was displayed and photographed at Alfred Stieglitz's studio, and the photo published in The Blind Man, but the original has been lost. The work is regarded by some art historians and theorists of the avant-garde, such as Peter Brger, as a major landmark in 20th-century art. Replicas commissioned by Duchamp in the 1960s are now on display in a number of different museums.

28.3 Mechanical Head The most famous work by Hausmann, Mechanischer Kopf (Der Geist Unserer Zeit (The Spirit of Our Time) c. 1920 is the only surviving assemblage that Hausmann produced around 191920. (found objects) Constructed from a hairdresser's wig-making dummy, the piece has various measuring devices attached including a ruler, a pocket watch mechanism, a typewriter, some camera segments and a crocodile wallet28.4 Cut with the kitchen knife dad though the last Weimer beer belly cultural epoch of Germany Hannah Hoch Ca. 1919 Collage Currently in the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Speaks about the agenda of Berlin Dada Using a chaotic, cramped composition of crowds, words, machinery, and lettering of differing sizes and styles Hoch captures the hectic social, political and economical intensity of the Weimer Republic Her photomontage represents the reality captured by photographers for the popular press To Hoch and her dada colleagues, the camera was another machine, related to the technological advances and a propagandistic tool that had led to the war with her kitchen knife she rearranges the imagery to create a handmade photograph thus forcing the machine to be the subject to the human rather then vise versa the result is a spinning gearlike composition with a portrait of the radical antiwar female artist kathe Kollwitz at the center

28.5 1 Copper Sheet 1 Zinc Sheet 1 Rubber Cloth a collage with gouache, ink, and pencil Max Ernst 1920 Collage Currently in the Estate of Hans Arp Made on an illustration from a 1914 book about chemistry equipment With a line here and a dab of paint there, Ernst transformed the picture of laboratory utensils into bizarre robotic figures set in a stark symbolic- filled landscape A dreamscape Skewed De Chirico like perspective that culminates in a mystifying square, give this collage an elemental power, suggesting some other worldly sphere- one of the imagination The dreamlike quality of ernsts image endows his figures with heavy psychological overtones Fascinated by freud28.6 Champs delicieux Man Ray 1922 Rayograph gelatin silver paint Means delightful fields Contains the silhouettes of a brush and comb, a sewing, pin,a coil of paper, and a string of fabric Helps demonstrate the close relationship between the random and defiant art of Dada and the evocative, often sensual art of surrealism The obejcts appears ghostlike and mysterious in a strange environment where darks and lights have been reversed and where a haunting overall darkness prevails Shapes and lines more in and out of the dark shadows Magical blend of the real and nonreal

28.7 Composition Joan miro 1933 Oil on canvas One of a series based on collages of on cardboard made from images cut out of product catalogues, with the idea that the shape and even details of the objects would fire his imagination The setting of composition is a hazy atmospheric environmental of washes, suggesting a kind of primeval landscape This eerie dream world is populated by strange curvilinear floating forms that suggest prehistoric and microscopic creatures

28.8 The persistence of memory is a 1931 painting by artist Salvador Dal one of his most recognizable works. First shown at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, the painting has been in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City since 1934 which received it from an anonymous donor. It is widely recognized and frequently referenced in popular culture The craggy rocks to the right represent a tip ofCap de Creuspeninsula in north-easternCatalonia. Many of Dal's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia. The strange and foreboding shadow in the foreground of this painting is a reference to Mount Pani.[8] The well-known surrealist piece introduced the image of the soft melting pocket watch It epitomizes Dal's theory of "softness" and "hardness", which was central to his thinking at the time.

28.9 Object (Luncheon in fur) 1936 sculpture by the surrealistMret Oppenheim, consisting of afur-covered teacup, saucer and spoon. The work, which originated in a conversation in a Paris cafe, is the most frequently-cited example of sculpture in thesurrealistmovement. It is also noteworthy as a work with challenging themes of femininity.

28.10 Lobster Trap and fish tail a mobile by American artist Alexander Calder is located at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, New York, United States It is one of Calder's earliest hanging mobiles and "the first to reveal the basic characteristics of the genre that launched his enormous international reputation and popularity The sculpture was commissioned by the Advisory Committee for the stairwell of the museum when the new building opened in 1939 Fabricated in Roxbury, Connecticut, the painted steel wire and sheet aluminum sculpture 8' 6" (260 cm) x 9' 6" (290 cm) in diameter The sculpture suggests the movement of underwater life

28.11 Recumbent Henry Moore 1938 Green Hornton stone This is one of the earliest works in which Moore shows the female figure undulating like the landscape It was commissioned by the architect Serge Chermayeff to stand on the terrace of his home on the Downs Visually, the figure would have acted as a bridge between the rolling hills and the ultra-modern house Moore, like others, used many native British stones at this time. This Hornton stone came from a quarry near Banbury in Oxfordshire.28.12 Project for Momument to the third international Vladmir Tatlin Tatlins Tower, or the project for the Monument to the Third International 191920 was a design for a grand monumental building by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, that was never built It was planned to be built in Petrograd after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, as the headquarters and monument of the Comintern (the third international). Wood, iron, and glass

28.13 composition no II Piet Mondrian Oil on canvas One of the most minimal of Mondrian's canvases, this painting consists only of two black, perpendicular lines and a small triangular form, colored blue. The lines extend all the way to the edges of the canvas, almost giving the impression that the painting is a fragment of a larger work. Although one is hampered by the glass protecting the painting, and by the toll that age and handling have obviously taken on the canvas, a close examination of this painting begins to reveal something of the artist's method Mondrian's paintings are not composed of perfectly flat planes of color, as one might expect Brush strokes are evident throughout, although they are subtle, and the artist appears to have used different techniques for the various elements. The black lines are the flattest elements, with the least amount of depth The colored forms have the most obvious brush strokes, all running in one direction. Most interesting, however, are the white forms, which clearly have been painted in layers, using brush strokes running in different directions. This generates a greater sense of depth in the white forms, as though they are overwhelming the lines and the colors, which indeed they were, as Mondrian's paintings of this period came to be increasingly dominated by white space.

28.14Schroder House Gerrit Rietveld Utrecht, Hlland 1924 Built onto end of existing row houses Floating rectangles and lines on faade Cantilevered roof Wall to ceiling sliding panels allowing for a restructuring of the interior space28.15Furniture for a living room in one of two houses designed by walter Gropius for the werkbund housing development Marcel breur Balhaus student Faculty member 1925 Headed furniture workshop Am weissenhof, Stuttgart, Germany 1927 Furniture and lighting Geomectric Modern materials Easily mass produced Wassily armchair Polished, nickelplated tubular steel Cotton fabric28.16Shop Block Main building 3 l shaped wings coming off a central hub Shop block Workshop wing Walter Gropius The Bauhaus 1925-26 Dessau, Germany Looks like an empty glass box Glass curtain wall on two sides continued around sides and flush with the parapet above and the socle below Setback halfbasement Bauhaus Weimar, Germany 1919 Walter Gropius School Goal: design modern high quality production line products More utopian, less commercial Means house of building Wanted a mixture of art and technology Design ethic: the living environment of machines and vehicles only primary forms and colours standard types for all practical commodities of everyday use as a social necessity28.17Villa Savoye Le Corbusier Swiss Five points of a new architecture 1. No ground floor, house raised on pilotis 2. Flat roof that doubles as a garden terrace 3. Open floor plan with partitions slotted between supports 4. Free composition of the exterior curtain walls 5. Ribbon windows 1928-9 Poissy sur seine, france Main floor has an open space plan facing into court from which a ramp leads up to the roofPerfect box Cylindrical windscreens protect the terrace28.18The Voice of the City, New York Interpreted Joseph Stella Italian immigrant 1920-2 Oil and tempera on canvas 5 panels 8 feet high Centre panel Abstraction of cities towers Famous flatiron building in foreground Surrounded by real and fictituos buildings Panels 2 and 4 Great white way Broadway Bbastraction of colour and light far left panel harbour on the Hudson river on the west side of lower mnhattan right panel Brooklyn ridge on the east side Pallete is deeply saturated Colour is encased in heavy blackline drawing Looks like a stained glass window28.19Wire Wheel Paul strand 1917 Platinum print from enlarged negative High contrast, sharp focus Model t ford wheel Rejects painterlyness of picgtorial photography28.20Fort Peck Dam Margaret bourke white Montana From life magazine Cover of firt issue 1936 Cropped to look like it continues forever28.21Black Iris III Georgia OKeefe 1916 small minimalist watercolours 1920 close up of flowers She was in love with paul strand Compositional device forced viewer to see flowers light she did Characterised as oversexual Did a series of skyscraper paintings to show she can paint like a man Flowers morphed into vaginas 1926 Oil on canvas28.22American Gothic Grant Wood From cedar rapids, iowa 1930 Oil on board Window into Midwest world Fictitious father and spinster daughter Carpenter gothic house God-frearing subjects Harsh lines No modernity Woman looks away warily28.23The Migration of the Negro Seires, number 58: in the north the negro had better educational facilities Jacob Lawrence 1940-1 Casein tempera on hardboard New negro movement Aka harlem renaissance Alain locke black is beautiful Migration series 60 images 3 girls write on a blackboard No faces no individuals Suggests elevtion through education Brighty coloured dresses = happiness Jagged hair impart energy28.24The Arsenal (Distributing Arms) Diego Rivera Lived in Europe and was a cubist Communist 125 frescoes for secreetria de educacion publica in mexico city Top floor of the court of fiestas Other artists are visible within the piece Left foreground soviet soldier with rifle Background- red banner with soviet hammer and sickle ~1928 Fresco Murals were proclaimed the true art of the people Especially popular in US28.25Early Sunday Morning Edward Hopper Based in new york 1930 Oil on canvas Uncannily quiet and empty Each window depicts a different story Harsh morning light seems theatrical28.26Migrant Mother Dorothea Lange California 1936 Gelatin silver print Social realism Focused on poverty, labour oppression, suffering of workers, alienation, racism Government put artists to work Works project admin Photo went with news story Lange exaggerated stories28.27Guernica Pablo Picasso 1937 Oil on canvas April 26 1937 Hitler used saturation bombing to attacfk basque, gurernica Black, grey, white No airplanes or boms Mother and dead child Woman with lamp = statue of liberty Not antifacist