Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869-1914Chapter 27: The New Imperialism, 1869-1914

The New Imperialism: Motives and MethodsThe New Imperialism: Motives and MethodsNew Imperialism – territorial conquests more rapid than Conquistadors

Political MotivesDesire for colonies/expansion of territory to “compete” with other European rivals

Cultural MotivesSpread Christianity

Mark 16:15 – He said to them, Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation. Matthew 24:14 – And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a

testimony to all nations, and then the end will come. Matthew 10:16 - I am sending you out like sheep among wolves. Therefore be as shrewd as

snakes and as innocent as doves.

Bring western education, medicine, technology

Racism – ranked races in a hierarchy ranging from civilized to barbarians

Scientific Justification Social Darwinism – theory, that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to

the same Darwinian laws of natural selection.

Eugenics – science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristic

Economic motivesIndustrialization needs raw materials/markets for finished productsBusiness ventures need safety = military protection

Tools of the imperialistsShipping – steamships & submarine telegraph wiresGunboats & quinineFirearms – firepower gap widened (improved firearms, machine guns, artillery

Colonial agents and administrationColonialism – system of administering/exploiting colonies to benefit home countryWhite Settlers – in colonies with few white settlers = European autocracyTypes of colonial dominance

Direct rule – a province is controlled by the central governmentIndirect rule – use of a providence's existing political structures by the

colonizing country for governance.Protectorate – protection and partial control assumed by a superior power

over a dependent providence.Sphere of influence – area over which political or economic influence is wielded by another nation.

White women – introduction increased racial segregation

The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa – wave of conquests by European powers 1880-1890’sEgyptBorrowed from Europe – led to selling control of Suez to BritishFrench minister of public works, British minister of finance.Indirect rule by BritishAswan dam – regulates Nile

Berlin Conference – lays down rule for peaceful division of Africa

South AfricaAfrikaners – Dutch settlers on the Cape of Good HopeGold, diamonds, copper attract British pushing Afrikaners northGreat Trek North into Zulu countryBritish defeat Zulu Boer War (1899-1902)Afrikaners eventually emerge as ruling elementNatives Land Act – Black Africans assigned to reservations, forbidden to own land

Political and Social ConsequencesCollaborators (often minorities) – Hotel RwandaThose who resisted (massive deaths, tragedies such as German East Africa)

Ethiopian Success – Menelik II had European weaponsItaly trying to impose a protectorate relationship – denied; huge embarrassment for Italy (why?)

Mussolini seethed for vengeance (1935)African Land & Labor – cash crops, taxes forced labor, “vacant” landAfrican women – left behind to raise the familyMixing of rivals/enemies (present-day Africa)

Cultural ResponsesMission Schools

Attempt to destroy native cultureIslam more successful at spreading (why?)

Imperialism in Asia and the PacificImperialism in Asia and the PacificCentral AsiaRussian Imperialism – move into Central Asia (Kazakhstan) – cottonSE Asia & IndonesiaSiam – lone holdout Tropical agriculture

Rubber, Columbia exchange products broughtPeace & reliable food supply

Social changes – folks moving farther into clear jungle areasNationalism – Russo-Japanese war resonated in SE Asia

Hawaii & the Philippines, 1878-1902Annexation of Hawaii – Missionary kids & President McKinley

US Conquers the PhilippinesEmilio Aguinaldo – fought against Spain for independenceMcKinley buys from Spain for 20 MillionAguinaldo fights US and loses

Imperialism in Latin AmericaImperialism in Latin AmericaFree Trade imperialism – economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state.

Railroads and the imperialism of free tradeRailroads connected ports to mine/agricultural areasAll engineers, equipment, building materials were British or AmericanCaudillos encouraged foreign companies in exchange for wealth

American expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898

Battleship Maine blows up in Havana“Splendid little war” nets Puerto Rico, Guam, and purchase of Philippines

American intervention in the Caribbean & central America, 1901-1914Platt Amendment – US becomes protectorate of CubaPanama – US supports independence in exchange for building rights

The World Economy and the global environmentThe World Economy and the global environmentExpansion of the World EconomyTransportation revolution – Suez & Panama lower freight costs dramatically

Transformation of the Global environmentEconomic botany – cocoa & coffee spread to South America & AfricaIrrigation – rivers water the world’s deserts (sorry Thomas Malthus)