Chapter 27 NotesChapter 27 Notes

AP World HistoryAP World History

ImperialismImperialism

►““The policy of a The policy of a state aiming at state aiming at establishing establishing control beyond its control beyond its borders over borders over people generally people generally unwilling to accept unwilling to accept such control.”such control.”

► Encyclopedia Encyclopedia BritannicaBritannica

I. The New Imperialism: I. The New Imperialism: Methods and MotivesMethods and Motives

►The New Imperialism was a The New Imperialism was a tremendous tremendous explosionexplosion of of territorial conquest in which the territorial conquest in which the imperial powers imperial powers used economic used economic and technological means to and technological means to reorganize dependent regions and reorganize dependent regions and bring them into the world bring them into the world economyeconomy

“I unhesitatingly assert-and all unprejudiced travellers will agree with me-that the world still wants the black hand. Enormous tropical regions yet await the clearing and draining operations by the lower races, which will fit them to become the dwelling-places of civilized man.”

► B. B. Political Motives Political Motives ► One political motive for imperialism One political motive for imperialism

was the desire to gain national was the desire to gain national prestige. prestige.

► The actions of colonial governors also The actions of colonial governors also led to the acquisition of new colonial led to the acquisition of new colonial possessions. possessions.

Darwin's Theory of Darwin's Theory of EvolutionEvolution

Naturalistic Evolution:Man has developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life. God had no part in this process.

Creationist view:

God created man pretty much in his present form at one time within the last 10,000 yearsTheistic evolution:

Man has developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process, including man's creation.

47%

40%

9%

1. Lack of knowledge on age of Earth2. The Concept of speciation3. Lack of scientific method4. Notion of separate creation for humans and animals

Four Factors that limited the development of theory of evolution

Natural Theology: Natural Theology:

►He saw the adaptation of organisms He saw the adaptation of organisms to their environment as evidence that to their environment as evidence that the creator had designed each and the creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose every species for a particular purpose

►(based on Judeo-Christian culture)(based on Judeo-Christian culture)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/religion/revolution/index.html

DARWINDARWIN

1809 -18851809 -1885

►Darwin trained to be a clergymanDarwin trained to be a clergyman►Beetlemania turned him into a naturalistBeetlemania turned him into a naturalist►Lyell and Hutton made him rethink the age Lyell and Hutton made him rethink the age

of the Earthof the Earth►Got a position as the Naturalist on a 5 year Got a position as the Naturalist on a 5 year

voyagevoyage

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/

Beagle Voyage (1831-1836)Beagle Voyage (1831-1836)

Naturalist aboard the BeagleNaturalist aboard the Beagle Collected plant & Animal specimensCollected plant & Animal specimens Took Lyell’s Book on Geology with himTook Lyell’s Book on Geology with him Visited many places including GalapagosVisited many places including Galapagos

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/

500 miles off coast of South America

New Volcanic Islands

Organisms migrated to Islands

Developed idea’s on Evolution after the voyage.Didn’t recognize what he was seeing

Finches and Tortoises

DARWINDARWIN

After the VoyageAfter the Voyage

►Darwin developed his theory of Natural Darwin developed his theory of Natural SelectionSelection

►What inspired him?What inspired him? Hutton – Gradualism (The belief in gradual, often Hutton – Gradualism (The belief in gradual, often

slow stages) slow stages) Lyell - Earth is OldLyell - Earth is Old Farmers/Animal Breeder - Variation in populationsFarmers/Animal Breeder - Variation in populations Malthus - Populations grow rapidilyMalthus - Populations grow rapidily

- Not enough resources for all offspring- Not enough resources for all offspring

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/darwin/diary/

All populations have variationDarwin knew many farmers and animal breeders. From them and his own research he knew all individuals in a population are different.

In nature, animals and plants produce more offspring than can survive.

This leads to a struggle for existence.

DARWIN reads Malthus1838

In 1838, Darwin reads for amusement Malthus’s book Population.

Darwin see that favorable variations in a population would tend to be preserved, and unfavorable ones to be destroyed.

He at last has a theory by which to work.

Darwin publishes the Origin of Species:1865Darwin publishes the Origin of Species:1865

Didn’t publish is ideas for 20 years!!! Why?

Wallace comes up with the idea of Natural Selection independently of Darwin.

Forces Darwin to finally publish his book on Evolution

►What happens when science gets in What happens when science gets in the way of religion and politics?the way of religion and politics?

►““I cannot persuade myself that a I cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly created parasitic have designedly created parasitic wasps with the express intention of wasps with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of their feeding within the living bodies of Caterpillars.”Caterpillars.”

►Charles DarwinCharles Darwin

►The second page of the Origin The second page of the Origin prominently displays this quote:prominently displays this quote:

► ““To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in be too well studied in the book of God's word, or in the book of God's works; divinity or philosophy; but the book of God's works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both.” - Bacon: "Advancement of proficience in both.” - Bacon: "Advancement of Learning"[iv]Learning"[iv]

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism► Social Darwinism was Social Darwinism was

accepted by most accepted by most white westerners.white westerners.

► Popular non-fiction Popular non-fiction included the works of included the works of Walter Baghot, Walter Baghot, Benjamin Kidd and Benjamin Kidd and Charles Dike.Charles Dike.

► Popular fiction Popular fiction writers, like Rudyard writers, like Rudyard Kipling echoed their Kipling echoed their views.views.

► Tabloid newspapers Tabloid newspapers upheld these notions.upheld these notions.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism ““Some groups of Some groups of

people survive and people survive and compete better than compete better than others. The struggle others. The struggle leads to human leads to human progress. Some progress. Some groups advance human groups advance human progress more than progress more than others.” (From Pierre others.” (From Pierre L. van den Berghe, L. van den Berghe, Race & Racism. Race & Racism. 1967.1967.

Color mattersColor matters

Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer

►Spencer was a Spencer was a social social evolutionist.evolutionist.

► He coined the He coined the term term Survival of Survival of the Fittestthe Fittest

Social Darwinism.Social Darwinism.► Proponents saw Proponents saw

western science western science as providing as providing material benefits material benefits to the world.to the world.

► They observed They observed ongoing struggles ongoing struggles for territory and for territory and commerce.commerce.

► They regarded They regarded conflicts between conflicts between men as inevitable.men as inevitable.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism►Soft, gentle, kind and Soft, gentle, kind and

humane groups were humane groups were apt to lose out to apt to lose out to more diabolical rivals.more diabolical rivals.

►Man, in the Man, in the evolutionary process, evolutionary process, bred some races that bred some races that were superior to were superior to others.others.

►Survival of the fittest Survival of the fittest ensured progress for ensured progress for all of mankind.all of mankind.

►C. Cultural Motives C. Cultural Motives ►The late nineteenth century The late nineteenth century

Christian revival included a Christian revival included a commitment to exporting commitment to exporting Western “civilization” through Western “civilization” through Christian missionary activity. Christian missionary activity.

► . .

Missionaries in Africa

►D. D. Economic Motives Economic Motives ►The industrialization of Europe and The industrialization of Europe and

North America stimulated a North America stimulated a demand for minerals, industrial demand for minerals, industrial crops, and stimulants (sugar, crops, and stimulants (sugar, coffee, tea, and tobacco). coffee, tea, and tobacco).

►Entrepreneurs and investors Entrepreneurs and investors looked to profit from mines, looked to profit from mines, plantations, and railroads in Asia, plantations, and railroads in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Africa, and Latin America.

►E. E. The Tools of The Tools of the the

Imperialists Imperialists

►Colonial Agents and Administration Colonial Agents and Administration

►Colonies were administered with Colonies were administered with the cooperation of indigenous the cooperation of indigenous elites. Colonial administrations elites. Colonial administrations used two different types of used two different types of indigenous elites: traditional rulers indigenous elites: traditional rulers and youths.and youths.

“Women have been taught that, for us, the earth is flat, and that if we venture out, we will fall off the edge.”

Suez Canal 1880s

Suez Canal (Egypt)

•In 1841 Egypt broke away in a nationalist revolution

•Muhammad Ali led Egypt & modernized it somewhat

•Egypt worked w/ a French company to build the Suez Canal between Red & Mediterranean sea, a route which was vital for Europes trade w/ Asia

SC put Egypt in huge debt —did not have the $ to repay European Banks (especially to the French banks)

British control of Egypt(Suez Canal) 1882

•GB wanted unlimited access to SC—did not want to have to ask any other nation to use it

•Wanted “lifeline” in their empire to connect all imperial territory (esp. India)

•1882—GB sent troops to Egypt and made it a British “protectorate” —meaning GB had complete access & control of nation

"At that time there were many blank spaces on the earth, and when I saw one that looked particularly inviting on a map (but they all look that) I would put my finger on it and say, "When I grow up I will go there. . . True, by this time it was not a blank space any more. I had got filled in since my boyhood with rivers and lakes and names. It had ceased to be a blank space of delightful mystery -- a white patch for a boy to dream gloriously over. It had become a place of darkness“ (Conrad 5).

Initial Occupation1885 The Berlin Conference

approves King Leopold’s claim to “The Congo Free State” as his personal colony until 1908.

International investors supported his claim to Congo.

He established rule with his personal army and he also expected the Belgian army to assist.

Info Source: ("Congo Free State,").Picture: hbw2000.com

Ivory and rubber were the main exports. Both were collected through a system of slave labor controlled by Leopold’s agents.

Pneumatic tires drastically increases the demand for rubber.

Picture: vietnambusiness.asiaInfo Source: ("Congo- the Brutal,"

n.d.).

Benefits To The Imperial Power

Connect the dots – Industrialization leads to Imperialism

Leopold

"I do not want to miss a good chance of getting us a slice of this magnificent African cake."

Belgian Congo Map

Picture: Culturegrams.com

Benefits and Benefits and modernizationmodernization

► The Belgian The Belgian modernized the colony modernized the colony

► The Belgians built The Belgians built railroads and railroads and automobilesautomobiles

► They brought over They brought over electricity and electricity and telephones telephones

► ("Encyclopedia Britannica,“).("Encyclopedia Britannica,“).

► AT WHAT PRICE?AT WHAT PRICE?http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59224/Belgian-Congo

The chicotte, a particularly vicious type of whip made from rhinoceros hide.

"The station chief selects the victims....Trembling, haggard, they lie face down on the ground...two of their companions, sometimes four, seize them by the feet and hands, and remove their cotton drawers....Each time that the torturer lifts up the chicotte, a reddish stripe appears on the skin of the pitiful victims, who, however firmly held, gasp in frightful contortions....At the first blows the unhappy victims let out horrible cries which soon become faint groans....In a refinement of evil, some officers, and I've witnessed this, demand that when the sufferer gets up, panting, he must graciously give the military salute.”-- Stanislas Lefranc, Belgian prosecutor

Women kept hostage to force their husbands to go and gather rubber. Rubber was harvested by climbing the rubber tree, tapping into it and letting the sap run all over the slave’s body, where it would congeal. Later he would peel the rubber off his body, taking any body hair with it. Rubber harvesters were given impossible quotas to fill each month. In addition to enduring the hardships of gathering rubber in the jungle, many of them were killed by wild animals.

Two victims (l.) who lost their hands, one because his wrists were tied too tightly, the other because company militia cut it off to claim him as killed and get a reward. Below, a father looks at the severed hand and foot of his daughter

Belgian Congo

8-9 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

CECIL RHODES (1853-CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)1902)

► British businessman and politician in British businessman and politician in southern Africasouthern Africa

► Made a fortune from African diamond minesMade a fortune from African diamond mines► Established South African CompanyEstablished South African Company

Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)► Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)

Wanted British control over South AfricaWanted British control over South Africa Wanted Cape-to-Cairo RailroadWanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad

► Architect of British imperialism in southern Architect of British imperialism in southern AfricaAfrica Great Britain became leading colonial Great Britain became leading colonial

power in southern Africapower in southern Africa

CECIL RHODES (1853-CECIL RHODES (1853-1902)1902)

►WHAT ABOUT MISSIONARIES?WHAT ABOUT MISSIONARIES?

VICTORIANISM

III. Asia and Western III. Asia and Western DominanceDominance

►Between 1865 and 1876 Russia was Between 1865 and 1876 Russia was able to use modern weapons to advance able to use modern weapons to advance into Central Asia. into Central Asia.

►The nomadic Kazhaks resisted fiercelyThe nomadic Kazhaks resisted fiercely

►South of the Kazhak steppe the decline South of the Kazhak steppe the decline of Qing power allowed the Russians to of Qing power allowed the Russians to take over Muslim populationstake over Muslim populations

► B. B. Southeast Asia and Indonesia Southeast Asia and Indonesia ► Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and northern Burma, Malaya, Indochina, and northern

Sumatra, all independent kingdoms in the Sumatra, all independent kingdoms in the first half of the nineteenth century, were first half of the nineteenth century, were conquered by stages between 1850 and the conquered by stages between 1850 and the early 1900s. Only Siam remained early 1900s. Only Siam remained independent. independent.

► All these areas had fertile soil, a favorable All these areas had fertile soil, a favorable climate, and a highly developed agriculture. climate, and a highly developed agriculture.

► Colonialism contributed to an expansion of Colonialism contributed to an expansion of the agricultural population, immigration from the agricultural population, immigration from China and India, and the spread of Islam. China and India, and the spread of Islam.

► C. C. Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878–1902 Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878–1902 ► By the late 1890s the U.S. economy was in By the late 1890s the U.S. economy was in

need of export markets and the political need of export markets and the political mood was favorable to expansionism. The mood was favorable to expansionism. The Hawaiian Islands, controlled by American Hawaiian Islands, controlled by American settlers since 1893, were annexed in 1898. settlers since 1893, were annexed in 1898.

► In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led an In the Philippines, Emilio Aguinaldo led an uprising against the Spanish in 1898. He uprising against the Spanish in 1898. He might very well have succeeded in might very well have succeeded in establishing a republic if the United States establishing a republic if the United States had not purchased the Philippines from Spain had not purchased the Philippines from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War. at the end of the Spanish-American War.

► In 1899 Aguinaldo rose up against the In 1899 Aguinaldo rose up against the American occupation. American occupation.

IV. Imperialism in Latin IV. Imperialism in Latin AmericaAmerica

► A. A. Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade ► The natural resources of the Latin American The natural resources of the Latin American

republics made them targets for a form of republics made them targets for a form of economic dependence called free-trade economic dependence called free-trade imperialism. imperialism.

► British and the United States’ entrepreneurs British and the United States’ entrepreneurs financed and constructed railroads in order to financed and constructed railroads in order to exploit the agricultural and mineral wealth of exploit the agricultural and mineral wealth of Latin America. Latin America.

► B. B. American Expansionism and the Spanish-American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898 American War, 1898

► After 1865 the European powers used their After 1865 the European powers used their financial power to penetrate Latin America, but financial power to penetrate Latin America, but they avoided territorial conquest. The Monroe they avoided territorial conquest. The Monroe Doctrine prohibited European intervention in the Doctrine prohibited European intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but this did not prevent the Western Hemisphere, but this did not prevent the United States from intervening in the affairs of United States from intervening in the affairs of Latin American nations. Latin American nations.

► After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American After defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War, the United States took over Puerto Rico, War, the United States took over Puerto Rico, while Cuba became an independent republic while Cuba became an independent republic subject to intense interference by the United subject to intense interference by the United States. States.

► C. C. American Intervention in the Caribbean American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901–1914 and Central America, 1901–1914

► The United States often used military The United States often used military intervention to force the small nations of intervention to force the small nations of Central America and the Caribbean to Central America and the Caribbean to repay loans owed to banks in Europe or repay loans owed to banks in Europe or the United States. the United States.

► The United States was particularly forceful The United States was particularly forceful in Panama, supporting the Panamanian in Panama, supporting the Panamanian rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and rebellion against Colombia in 1903 and then building and controlling the Panama then building and controlling the Panama Canal. Canal.

V. The World Economy and the V. The World Economy and the Global EnvironmentGlobal Environment

► A. A. Expansion of the World Economy Expansion of the World Economy ► The industrial revolution greatly expanded the The industrial revolution greatly expanded the

demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and raw materials in the industrialized countries. raw materials in the industrialized countries. The growing need for these products could not The growing need for these products could not be met by traditional methods of production be met by traditional methods of production and transportation, so the imperialists brought and transportation, so the imperialists brought their colonies into the mainstream of the world their colonies into the mainstream of the world market and introduced new technologies. market and introduced new technologies.

► The greatest change was in transportation. The greatest change was in transportation. Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and railroads cut travel time and lowered freight railroads cut travel time and lowered freight costs. costs.

► B. B. Transformation of the Global Environment Transformation of the Global Environment ► The economic changes brought by Europeans The economic changes brought by Europeans

and Americans altered environments around the and Americans altered environments around the world. world.

► The expansion of permanent agriculture and the The expansion of permanent agriculture and the increased use of irrigation and water control led increased use of irrigation and water control led to increased agricultural production in both to increased agricultural production in both well-watered and dry areas of the tropics. well-watered and dry areas of the tropics.

► Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber, iron, and coal while opening up timber, iron, and coal while opening up previously remote land to development. The previously remote land to development. The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals fueled demand for gold, iron, and other minerals fueled a mining boom that brought toxic run-off from a mining boom that brought toxic run-off from open mines.open mines.